园林中不同地形建亭的要求是什么

2025-04-01 07:51:09
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

亭的历史十分悠久,但古代最早的亭并不是供观赏用的建筑。如周代的亭,是设在边防要塞的小堡垒,设有亭史。到了秦汉,亭的建筑扩大到各地,成为地方维护治安的基层组织所使用。《汉书》记载:“亭有两卒,一为亭父,掌开闭扫除;一为求盗,掌逐捕盗贼”。魏晋南北朝时,代替亭制而起的是驿。之后,亭和驿逐渐废弃。但民间却有在交通要道筑亭为旅途歇息之用的习俗,因而沿用下来。也有的作为迎宾送客的礼仪场所,一般是十里或五里设置一个,十里为长亭,五里为短亭。同时,亭作为点景建筑,开始出现在园林之中。到了隋唐时期,园苑之中筑亭已很普遍,如杨广在洛阳兴建的西苑中就有风亭月观等景观建筑。唐代宫苑中亭的建筑大量出现,如长安城的东内大明宫中有太液池,中有蓬莱山,池内有太液亭。又兴广宫城有多组院落,内还有龙池,龙池东的组建筑中,中心建筑便是沉香亭。宋代有记载的亭子就更多了,建筑也极精巧。在宋《营造法式》中就详细地描述了多种亭的形状和建造技术,此后,亭的建筑便愈来愈多,形式也多种多样。亭子不仅是供人憩息的场所,又是园林中重要的点景建筑,布置合理,全园俱活,不得体则感到凌乱,明代著名的造园家计成在《园冶》中有极为精辟的论述:“……亭胡拘水际,通泉竹里,按景山颠,或翠筠茂密之阿,苍松蟠郁之麓”,可见在山顶、水涯、湖心、松荫、竹丛、花间都是布置园林建筑的合适地点,在这些地方筑亭,一般都能构成园林空间中美好的景观艺术效果。也有在桥上筑亭的,如扬州瘦西湖的五亭桥、北京颐和园中西堤上的桥亭等,亭桥结合构成园林空间中的美好景观艺术效果,又有水中倒影,使得园景更富诗情画意,如扬州的五亭桥还成为扬州的标志。亭子以其美丽多姿的轮廓与周围景物构成园林中美好的画面。如建造于孤山之南,“三潭印月”之北面柳丝飞翠小岛的杭州西湖湖心亭,选址极为恰当,四面临水,花树掩映,衬托着飞檐翘角的黄色琉璃瓦屋顶,这种色彩上的对比显得更加突出。岛与建筑结合自然,湖心亭与“三潭印月”、阮公墩三岛如同神话中海上三座仙山一样鼎立湖心。而在湖心亭上又有历代文人留下“一片清光浮水国,十分明月到湖心”等写景写情的楹联佳作,更增湖心亭的美好意境,而人于亭内眺望全湖时,山光水色,着实迷人。在赏月胜地“三潭印月”,亭子成为构成这一景区的重要建筑。从“小瀛洲”登岸,迎面来的主要景观建筑便是先贤祠和一座小巧玲珑的三角亭,以及与三角亭遥相呼应的四角“百寿亭”,亭与桥既构成了三潭印月水面空间分割,又增加了空间景观层次,成为不可缺少的景观建筑,人于亭内居高临下,可以纵情地远望四面的湖光山色,近览水面莲荷,那红的、白的、黄的花朵,尽情欣赏“水上仙子”的娇容丽色。绿树掩映的“我心相印亭”以及“三潭印月”的碑亭,都为构成三潭印月的园林景观、空间艺术层次起到了重要作用,而“我心相印”因有“不必言说,彼此意会”的寓意,更增“三潭印月”这一景区的情趣。亭既是重要的景观建筑,也是园林艺术中文人士大夫挽联题对点景之地。如清新秀丽的济南大名湖,向有“四面荷花三面柳,一城山色半城湖”之美。湖中的小岛上有一座历史悠久的历下亭,初建于北魏年间,重建于明嘉靖年间。唐天宝四年(公元745年),杜甫曾到此一游,题诗曰:“海右此亭古,济南名士多”。清代书法家何绍基将此诗句写成楹联,挂于亭上,名亭、名诗、名书法,堪称三绝。在离绍兴不远的关诸山一带,秀峰环抱,青峦叠翠,在一片开阔的地形中,建有—座精致的小亭,离亭不远,有一条弯弯曲曲的小溪,这就是著名书法家王羲之当年作《兰亭集序》的地方。在兰亭泓池水旁有一块石脾,上书“鹅池”两字。据说那“鹅”字是王羲之亲笔,“池”字是其七子王献之所写,“鹅”字一笔写成,清标拔俗,浑润中藏骨而不族,似得神助。而今人们游兰亭,名字、名题和王羲之传说故事,成为人们仰慕的著名园林景区,而整个兰亭景区,也是以兰亭命名,这不能不说亭于园林中的重要行了。以唐代诗人白居易的诗句“更待菊黄家酿熟,与君一醉一陶然”而命名的陶然亭,在北京先农坛的西面,建于清康熙年间,亭基较高,故有登临眺远之胜。在杭州孤山北麓赏梅胜地的放鹤亭,是为纪念北宋诗人林和靖而建。林和靖曾在孤山北麓结庐隐居,除吟诗作画,还喜好种梅养鹤。在他一生所写的诗中,“疏影横斜水清浅,暗香浮动月黄昏”两句特别为人所传颂,人因文传,亭因人建,名人名诗名亭和放鹤亭一带梅林,每到冬天,寒梅怒放,清香四溢的“香雪海”中隐一亭,使得放鹤亭更为名闻遐尔。在我国园林中,几乎都离不开亭。在园林中或高处筑亭,既是仰观的重要景点,又可供游人统览全景,在叠山脚前边筑亭,以衬托山势的高耸,临水处筑亭,则取得倒影成趣,林木深处筑亭,半隐半露,即含蓄而又平添情趣。在众多类型的亭中,方亭最常见。它简单大方。圆亭更秀丽,但额坊挂落和亭顶都是圆的,施工要比方亭复杂。在亭的类型中还有半亭和独立亭

回答2:

根据整个园子的风格来吧,不能太突兀了~

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