Coal mine waste water treatment and reuse technology Comparative Study
Digest：Introduced the sewage and wastewater processing resources of the latest technologies and processes, analysis and comparison of the three kinds of process options to deal with coal mine waste water system investment and operating costs, and to explore the reverse osmosis water treatment technology in the coal mine waste water treatment application The technical and economic feasibility.Coal mine waste water treatment and reuse of the consolidated operating costs for the :2.185-2 .465 yuan / ton. One membrane of the processing costs as low as: 2.185 yuan / ton. Such prices on drought and water shortage in the Northwest region is very attractive. Of mine waste water recycling, not only can reduce the amount of wastewater discharge, but also can make water resource, it should be said, it is a method of water resources in the hope of regeneration, but also our country to achieve sustainable use of water resources in an effective way to .
Key words: reverse osmosis electroplating wastewater recycling。
China's large population and uneven spatial and temporal distribution of freshwater resources, water resources and socio-economic development is not balanced; population growth has increased year after year the demand of water resources, industry's rapid development has become increasingly serious water pollution, thus creating a shortfall of water resources and water pollution are increasing.At present, China's prominent contradiction between water supply and demand, there are more than 300 cities short of water, of which there are 114 cities in serious water shortages. Water supply and demand in China in the 21st century the situation was very serious water crisis will become a question of resources in the most severe punishment of all issues. To resolve this problem, in addition to the scientific management of water resources and optimizing the assigned amount, the high-tech means to bring into full play the role of the use of water resources is also very crucial.
In recent years, China's annual volume of about 400-500 million sewage M3, treated emissions from only 15-25%, due to cross-flow of sewage everywhere, so that all our major sources of water produce different degrees of pollution, a serious deterioration of water environment 【4】 .Therefore, to enhance wastewater treatment, so that not only the discharge standards but also to a large number of reuse, very necessary, which improve the water environment to ease the shortage of water resources, saving precious water resources are very important. Urban and industrial sewage has been the depth of treatment can be used for agricultural irrigation, industrial production, urban landscape, Urban Green, life miscellaneous, groundwater recharge, and additional surface water in such applications as 【8】.Traditional water treatment technology can eliminate some air pollutants, the COD, BOD and heavy financial and other indicators of reduced pollutant emission standards, or miscellaneous safety standards, but can not completely eliminate the drainage contained in the solubility of trace contaminants. Reverse osmosis membrane technology to thoroughly remove these pollutants to achieve the strict sense of the wastewater reclamation. Traditional treatment processes and membrane technology integration can be sewage or waste water into a different water quality standards for reuse water, or make it loop back to use, this would ease the contradiction between supply and demand, but also reduce pollution, but also promote the development of environmental protection industry 【6】.
Sewage Wastewater Reuse Technology and Application Overview
The serious deterioration of water environment quality and the rapid economic development, and urgently requires a corresponding resource of sewage waste water technology. In this field of membrane separation technology occupies an important position and role. Membrane separation, as a high-tech in the last 40 years to develop quickly into the industrialization of the process of energy-efficient separation technology.Than 40 years, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, pervaporation, membrane contact and membrane reactions have been developed in energy, electronics, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, light industry, food and beverage industry and the daily life and environmental protection Dengjun wide range of applications received, resulting in significant economic and social benefits. The needs of the community to make membrane technology promised born, but also the needs of society to promote the rapid development of membrane technology to membrane technology innovation, technological progress, improve, and become a unit operation, to become integrated in the process of the key 【9】.
1.Continuous membrane filtration technology
Hollow fiber membrane due to large surface area membrane modules of the loading density, so compact equipment; this film made by spinning, simple process, so production costs are generally lower than the other films: In the absence of support layer may reverse cleaning, exceptional stain resistance of some good cleaning agent on the oxidative tolerance to the emergence of a good film made in large-scale sewage treatment works, the application of hollow fiber membrane has a unique advantage 【7】.
CMF technology is the core of the high anti-pollution film, as well as compatible with membrane cleaning technology, which enables non-stop cleaning membrane cleaning, and thus to achieve a continuous treatment of liquid non-stop to ensure a continuous and efficient operation of equipment.
CMF is currently mainly used in large-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant raw water the depth of the secondary settling tank treatment and reuse, desalination, or large-scale reverse osmosis pretreatment system. Surface water ground water purification, beverages, etc. to clarify the turbidity.
2.Membrane bio-reactor
Membrane bio-reactor is membrane separation technology and bio-technology combined with new technology. Used in the field of sewage waste water treatment using membrane pieces for solid-liquid separation, sludge or impurities interception return to the bio-reactor, handling the drainage of water through the membrane to form a sewage treatment membrane bioreactor system, The role of membrane modules is equivalent to conventional biological wastewater treatment systems in the secondary sedimentation tank 【4】.
MBR used in the film are flat membrane, tubular membrane and hollow fiber membrane, is currently mainly based hollow fiber membrane.
The MBR wastewater treatment, raw water sources have reached a very high water guidelines. This method is not limited to domestic wastewater treatment, MBR technology is also widely used in dyeing wastewater, scouring wastewater, meat processing, sewage water treatment systems. Another feature of MBR systems vary in size, the small device can be used for a family, large-scale installations daily processing capacity of up to tens of thousands of cubic meters.
3.Reverse Osmosis Technology
Reverse osmosis technology is the early 20th century, 60 developed a pressure-driven membrane separation technology. The technology is from seawater, brackish water desalination and developed, often referred to as "desalination technology." As the reverse osmosis technology has no phase change, component-based, process simple and convenient operation, accounting for small size, less investment, low energy consumption advantages to develop very rapidly. RO technology has been widely used in sea water, brackish water desalination, pure water, ultra-pure water preparation, chemical separation, concentration, purification, waste water resource and other fields. Projects throughout the electric power, electronics, chemicals, light industry, coal, environmental protection, medicine, food and other industries.
Water resource is incremental development of freshwater resources and the protection of the environment a dual purpose. Inorganic series of wastewater treatment and seawater desalination of brackish water using the same equipment and have the more common process technology. RO can waste in copper, lead, mercury, nickel, antimony, beryllium, arsenic, chromium, selenium, ammonium, zinc ion removal addition to 90-99%.
At present, the reverse osmosis technology in urban wastewater treatment, a number of industrial waste water treatment application of the depth has been a high degree of attention, including water reuse, wastewater treatment plant secondary effluent from the depth of treatment, after primary treatment of industrial waste water depth of processing system to take high-quality fresh water. Many water-scarce countries in the Middle East, in the extensive use of reverse osmosis desalination technology, the introduction of reverse osmosis technology technical processing secondary effluent, effluent quality up to TDS ≤ 80mg / L, the expansion of freshwater resources. Such as the Middle East, Australia, Singapore and other countries are examples of major projects in this area 【9】.
4.Integrated membrane process wastewater treatment methods
Integrated membrane process is ultrafiltration / microfiltration and reverse osmosis used in combination to form to meet the purpose of咱reuse wastewater treatment process.Ultrafiltration, microfiltration can be used as stand-alone high-level tertiary treatment method, is also an ideal pre-treatment process of reverse osmosis technology, anti-pollution ability, superior performance of ultrafiltration, microfiltration unit to replace the complex conventional treatment, and the water quality much higher than the three water indicators, not only can remove the sewage bacteria and suspended solids, the COD, BOD also have some effect but addition.In ultrafiltration, microfiltration after the use of reverse osmosis membranes, its traditional pre-wash cycle from 3-4 weeks to process more than six months, the membrane can prolong life for years to reach -6. Membrane integrated wastewater reclamation process has the system is stable, maintaining a small area of small, less use of chemicals, processes and operation of a simple and low cost.
Conclusion
Membrane Wastewater Treatment and Reuse of coal mine is technically entirely reliable, which has a successful experience.
With the rapid development of industry, water pollution, worsening water scarcity will become increasingly serious, industrial wastewater recycling will be referred to the agenda.
From the environmental perspective, recycling of waste water re-use of mine has a very important environmental significance.
Of mine waste water recycling, not only can reduce the amount of wastewater discharge, but also can make water resource, it should be said, it is a method of water resources in the hope of regeneration, but also our country to achieve sustainable use of water resources in an effective way to .
Of membrane processes for coal mine wastewater and reuse, both technically and economically feasible, economic and environmental benefits are very significant.
References
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煤矿矿井废水处理回用工艺比较研究
摘要：介绍了污水、废水处理资源化的最新技术和工艺，分析比较了三种工艺方案处理煤矿矿井废水的系统投资和运行成本，并探讨了反渗透水处理技术在煤矿矿井废水处理中应用的技术经济可行性.煤矿矿井废水处理回用的综合运行费用为：2.185-2.465元/吨。其中膜法的处理费用最低为：2.185元/吨。这样的价格对干旱缺水的西北地区是很有吸引力的。对矿井废水进行回收再利用，不但可以减少废水排放量，又可以使废水资源化，应该说，它是一种水资源再生的希望方法，也是我国实现水资源可持续利用的有效途径之一。
关键词：反渗透电镀废水处理回收利用
我国人口众多，淡水资源时空分布不均匀，水资源和社会经济发展不均衡；人口的不断增长又使水资源需求量逐年上升，工业的快速发展使水污染愈加严重，因此造成水资源缺短和水环境污染现象日趋严重。目前，我国水资源供需矛盾比较突出，全国有300多个城市缺水，其中有114个城市严重缺水。21世纪我国水资源供需形势非常严重，水资源危机将成为所有资源问题中最为严惩的问题。要解决这一难题，除水资源的科学治理和优化配量之外，充分发挥高新科技手段在水资源利用中的作用也是十分关键的。
近年来，我国每年排污水量约400-500亿M3，经处理后排放的仅15-25%，由于污水到处横流，使我国各大水源都产生不同程度的污染，水环境严重恶化【4】。所以，加强污水深度治理，使之不仅达标排放而且还可大量回用，非常必要，这对改善水环境、缓解水资源的不足，节约宝贵的水资源都是十分重要的。城市及工业污水经过深度处理后可用于农业浇灌、工业生产、城市景观、市政绿化、生活杂用、地下水回灌和补充地表水等方面的应用【8】。传统水处理技术能够消除部分污染物，将COD、BOD以及重金融等污染物指标降到安全排放标准或杂用标准，但无法完全消除排水中所含的微量溶解性污染物。采用反渗透膜技术可彻底去除这些污染物，实现严格意义下的污水再生。用传统处理工艺和膜技术集成，可将污水或废水变成不同水质标准的回用水，或使之循环回用，这样即缓解了供求矛盾，又减少了污染，还可促进环保产业的发展【6】。
污水废水资源化技术及应用简介
水环境质量的严重恶化和经济的高速发展，迫切要求有相应的污水废水资源化的技术。在这一领域中膜分离技术占有重要的位置和作用。膜分离作为一项高新技术在近40年来迅速发展成为产业化的高效节能分离技术过程。40多年，电渗析、反渗透、微滤、超滤、纳滤、渗透汽化，膜接触和膜反应过程相继发展起来，在能源、电子、石化、医药卫生、化工、轻工、食品、饮料行业和日常生活及环保领域等均获得广泛的应用，产生了显著的经济和社会效益。社会的需求使膜技术应允而生，也是社会的需求促使膜技术迅速发展，使膜技术不断创新、技术进步，完善，成为单元操作，成为集成过程中的关键【9】。
1.连续膜过滤技术
中空纤维膜由于比表面积大，膜组件的装填密度大，所以设备紧凑；这种膜因纺制而成，工艺简单，所以生产成本一般低于其它的膜：由于没有支撑层均可以反向清洗，非凡是一些耐污染性好，对氧化性清洗剂耐受性好的膜的出现，使得在大规模的污水处理工程中，中空纤维膜的应用有独特的优势【7】。
CMF技术的核心是高抗污染膜以及与之相配合的膜清洗技术，可以实现对膜的不停机清洗清洗，从而做到对料液不间断连续处理，保证设备的连续高效运行。
CMF目前主要用于大型城市污水处理厂二沉池生水的深度处理回用，海水淡化或大型反渗透系统的预处理。地表水地下水净化、饮料澄清除浊等。
2.膜生物反应器
膜生物反应器是膜分离技术和生物技术结合的新工艺。用在污水废水处理领域，利用膜件进行固液分离，截留的污泥或杂质回流至在生物反应器中，处理的清水透过膜排水，构成了污水处理的膜生物反应器系统，膜组件的作用相当于传统污水生物处理系统中的二沉池【4】。
MBR中使用的膜有平板膜、管式膜和中空纤维膜，目前主要以中空纤维膜为主。
生活污水经MBR处理后，生水水源已达到很高的水标准。此方法不仅限于处理生活污水，MBR技术也广泛地用于染色废水，洗毛废水、肉类加工污水等水处理系统。MBR系统的另一个特点是规模可大可小，小装置可用于一个家庭，大型装置日处理量可达数万立方米。
3.反渗透技术
反渗透技术是20世纪60年代初发展起来的以压力为驱动力的膜分离技术。该技术是从海水、苦咸水淡化而发展起来的，通常称为“淡化技术”。由于反渗透技术具有无相变，组件化、流程简单，操作方便，占面积小、投资少，耗能低等优点，发展十分迅速。RO技术已广泛用于海水、苦咸水淡化，纯水、超纯水制备，化工分离、浓缩、提纯，废水资源化等领域。工程遍布电力、电子、化工、轻工、煤炭、环保、医药、食品等行业。
废水资源化是有开发增量淡水资源与保护环境双重目的。无机系列废水处理与海水苦咸水淡化采用同类装并具有较多共性工艺技术。RO可使废液中的铜、铅、汞、镍、锑、铍、砷、铬、硒、铵、锌等离子脱除除90-99%。
目前，反渗透技术在城市污水深度处理，一些工业废水深度处理方面的应用受到了高度重视，包括中水回用，污水处理厂二级出水的深度处理，经初级处理后的工业废水深度处理制取优质淡水。中东不少缺水国家，在大量采用反渗透海水淡化技术的同时，引入反渗透技技术处理二级污水，出水水质可达TDS≤80mg/L，扩大了淡水资源。如中东地区、澳大利亚、新加坡等国都有这方面的大型工程实例【9】。
4.集成膜过程污水深度处理方法
集成膜过程是将超滤/微滤与反渗透结合使用，形成能够满足各咱回用目的的污水深度处理工艺。超滤、微滤可以作为独立的高级三级处理方法，也是反渗透过程理想的预处理工艺，抗污染能力强、性能优越的超滤、微滤单元代替了复杂的传统处理工艺，而且出水品质远高于三级出水指标，不但完全可以去除污水中的细菌和悬浮物，对COD、BOD也有一定的却除效果。在超滤、微滤之后使用的反渗透膜，其清洗周期由采用传统预处理工艺的3-4周增加到半年以上，膜寿命可延长到达-6年。膜集成污水再生工艺具有系统稳定、维护少、占地小、化学品用量少、流程简单和运行费用低等优点。
结论
煤矿矿井废水处理回用的综合运行费用为：2.185-2.465元/吨。其中膜法的处理费用最低为：2.185元/吨。这样的价格对干旱缺水的西北地区是很有吸引力的。
用膜法处理煤矿矿井废水并回用在技术上是完全可靠的，国内外都有成功经验。
随着工业的快速发展，水资源的污染日益严重，缺水现象会越来越严重，工业废水的回收利用将会提到议事日程。
从环境保护方面讲，对矿井废水进行回收再利用具有非常重要的环境意义。
对矿井废水进行回收再利用，不但可以减少废水排放量，又可以使废水资源化，应该说，它是一种水资源再生的希望方法，也是我国实现水资源可持续利用的有效途径之一。
膜法处理煤矿矿井废水并回用，不但在技术上和经济上都是可行的，经济和环境效益都非常显著。
参考文献
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