客家人过春节的习俗
客家人过春节的习俗<赣州的>
推荐回答(3个)
客家人过春节,一般分为三个阶段,第一个阶段是从十二月二十四日入年界至除夕为准备阶段;正月初一至初五为过年阶段;年初六至元宵节为余兴阶段。
农历十二月廿五开始为入年假。入年假后,农户都暂停下田工作,有大锣鼓乐队的就可以开始打起来了,各个村庄里都可能听到此起彼落的锣鼓声。家家户户开始筹备柴片、食油及过年食品,采购猪肉、鸡、鸭,炸豆腐、蒸年糕、做米馃等,
尤其是家家户户都要进行一次打扫卫生,清洗门窗、地板、家具等,叫做“扫尘”或者叫“打弹煤”(“弹煤”即火烧烟熏后的灰尘),男女老幼还要理发淋浴换上新的或清洁的衣裳,干干净净过新年。在此期间,左邻右舍之间不能相骂,不能讲不吉利的话。
除夕日,上午贴门神对联,敬天地祖宗和过往神灵,家家响鞭炮。午餐后洗澡穿新衣,(客家习俗,年三十会用长命草,松柏,大桔叶煮水洗澡。)晚餐一般提早,一家汇聚一堂,隆重而丰盛,俗谓“团年饭”。
临近入夜,家家户户灯烛辉煌,一直亮到子夜过后,谓之“接财神”。夜幕降临,每室起码要有一盏灯亮到通宵,谓之“点年光”。长辈们给小儿女发“压岁钱”,多少不等,取“人人有钱”的吉利。
未过子时,大家都不入睡,谓之“守岁”。至子时,家家户户鞭炮烟花一齐鸣放,震耳欲聋,灿烂辉煌,整个天地为之沸腾,谓之“接新年”,节日欢乐的气氛达到高潮。
大年初一,大家早起拜年,晚辈祝长辈健康长寿,同辈之间互相恭贺新禧,说新年如意、恭喜发财等吉利话,不争吵,不骂人,不讲粗话,取一年吉利。舞龙队、舞狮队大清早就出动,敲锣打鼓到各家各户拜年,大家都高高兴兴地迎接,并馈赠红包。
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年初二和年初四,亲戚朋友互相拜访,妇女们“转妹家”(回娘家)和新女婿上门,大路小路上人们来来往往,大家喜气洋洋。
年初三,“穷鬼日”,客家人初一初二不动扫帚,初三大清早即起来拿起扫帚扫除垃圾,谓之“送穷神”,取一年吉利发财。
年初五,“出年架”,从这天起,春节算基本度过,大家可以出门的出门,开市的开市,各奔前程了。
以下来自《赣州晚报》:客家人的过年习俗农历年的最后一天,称“除夕”,客家人又叫“大年晡夜”。正月初一,即农历一年中的首日,俗称为大年初一,与初二、初三称为春节。客家人的过年涵盖了春节,从农历十二月二十四日就进入年界,直到正月十五出元宵。
从一进入年界至除夕,客家人家家收起农具,忙忙碌碌四处赴圩办年货,户户动手打黄元米馃、煎油馃子、做糖米泡,打颜片、麻糕等各色糕点,迎接新年。其中一项重要的活动就是“扫尘”,以示除旧迎新,使家庭面貌一新。
农历腊月二十四日为“小年”,晚餐较为丰盛,饭后祭灶,送“灶神”,是日谓之“偷心日”,客家人多在此日“动土”,无须请先生看风水朝向以及选时辰,一如冬至日。
“除夕”又称“大年”,这一天,家家户户大门上都贴上春联,门楣和窗户上还贴上红纸条。这天家家宰鸡杀鸭。去祖堂敬祖,表示逢年过节不忘祖宗恩德。除夕的年夜饭,吃得特别早,一般下午四五点钟就开始,一直吃到傍晚,合家共吃团圆饭,同喝辞岁酒,孩子们庆长大,老人们贺添岁。饭后祀灶,迎灶神,然后全家动手,打扫餐厅,清洗碗筷,所有餐具都要用开水烫过,清除油荤腥味,俗称“净斋”。接着,大人们拿出新衣裳,让全家穿上节日的盛装。家中所有大小房间都点上明灯,正厅或餐厅烧炭炉或火盆,要烧最大的树兜,叫做喂年猪,寄寓来年养大肥猪,五谷丰登。大人包红包给小孩压岁,嘱咐孩子听话,好好学习,人长一岁,要更懂事,一家人围炉而坐“守岁”,回顾旧岁,展望来年,通宵达旦。
正月初一午夜零时,人们争先恐后焚香鸣炮,迎接新年,是谓“抢春”,认为起得越早这年的福气越好。户主燃放开门炮,向“吉利”方向而行,谓之“出行”。清晨穿新衣,先拜祖宗,后拜尊长,道“恭贺新禧”。男人带小男孩提篮备茶酒鱼肉祭社公、龙神;小孩邀集众人一同把牛赶进山去,且一路燃放鞭炮相送,是谓“送春牛”。早餐吃素(赣县王母渡一带地方全天吃素),谓吃了一年康康健健,意在免灾保健康。是日,大人小孩整天玩乐,但不得出家门,尤忌小孩坐在别人家门槛上,妇女在晒坪或自家院坪上打毛线,纳鞋底、鞋垫、休闲聊天。男人打牌或玩“数豆子”,小孩喜欢燃放鞭炮等,整个村坊显得十分热闹。初二开始走亲访友拜年,新年初见互道“恭喜发财”,各家由一名大人带小孩去给长辈拜年,旧时小辈给长辈下跪,长辈给小孩发红包压岁,并说些吉利祝愿的话,压岁钱多少各依血脉亲疏、交情厚薄而异,多少都有打发。宗教信众多于此日上山敬神礼佛。一般家庭从初二开始备“九龙盘”,内盛腊鸭、猪肝、香肠等小吃,另加花生、瓜子、果碟待客,直到正月十五出元宵。内亲来访多有吃酒娘蛋吃满碗等厚待。此时节,乡间各地文娱活动丰富,请大戏(在宗祠祖堂的戏台演出)、唱采茶、打龙灯、狮子灯、鲤鱼灯、打狮等,从初二开始一直闹到正月十五夜,达到高潮后散灯。
建国后,春节仍为重大节日。节前,开展拥军爱民活动,党政军领导分别走访驻军武警官兵、公安民警、烈军属、敬老院,送慰问品、慰问信。各单位走访离退休老同志等。乡邻亲友互相走访。
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