主动脉瘤的症状有哪些?

2025-04-02 16:15:56
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

胸主动脉瘤的发现除根据症状和体征外,X线检查有帮助,在后前位及侧位片上可以发现主动脉影扩大,从阴影可以估计病变的大小,位置和形态,在透视下可以见到动脉瘤的膨胀性搏动,但在动脉瘤中有血栓形成时搏动可以不明显,主动脉瘤须与附着于主动脉上的实质性肿块区别,后者引起传导性搏动,主动脉造影可以作出鉴别,超声心动图检查可以发现升主动脉的主动脉瘤,病变处主动脉扩大,X线计算机断层扫描(CT)对诊断也有用。
胸主动脉瘤的后前位X线片
示升主动脉边缘较膨隆,主动脉增宽,食管主动脉压迹增宽,降主动脉轮廓显著不整齐,有多发动脉瘤形成
胸主动脉瘤的左前斜位X线片
示主动脉弓部上缘可见波浪状轮廓(↑)食管随主动脉迂曲,波浪状边缘代表相邻主动脉的不规则扩张和动脉瘤
腹主动脉瘤常在腹部扪及搏动性肿块后发现,但腹部扪及动脉搏动不一定是动脉瘤,消瘦,脊柱前凸者正常腹主主动脉常易被扪及,腹部听到收缩期血管杂音,可能由于肾,脾,肠系膜等动脉的轻度狭窄,也未必来自主动脉瘤,须加注意,超声检查对明确诊断极为重要,当前不少病例是在常规超声体检中发现,故此症的诊断检出率比过去大为提高,检查见主动脉内径增宽,动脉前后壁间液性平段宽度增加,如有血栓形成则增宽的平段不明显,但动脉瘤的前后壁与心搏同步的搏动均存在,动脉的外径仍增大,超声检查可以明确病变的大小,精确度达2~3mm,其范围及形态以及腔内血栓,X线计算机断层扫描同样有用,尤其对腔内血栓及壁的钙化更易发现,并能显示动脉瘤与邻近结构如肾动脉,腹膜后腔和脊柱等的关系,MRI检查在判断瘤体大小及其与肾动脉和髂动脉的关系上价值等同于CT及腹部超声,MRI的主要不足是图象分析费时费用高,主动脉造影对定位诊断也有帮助,但腔内血栓可能影响其病变程度的评估,但对于诊断不明确者,合并有肾动脉病变的高血压患者动脉瘤范围不清楚时,疑有阻塞或瘤样病变的患者及准备手术治疗者仍主张作主动脉造影。
按结构主动脉瘤可分为:
①真性主动脉瘤:动脉瘤的囊由动脉壁的一层或多层构成;
②假性主动脉瘤:由于外伤,感染等原因,血液从动脉内溢出至动脉周围的组织内,血块及其机化物,纤维组织与动脉壁一起构成动脉瘤的壁,
③夹层动脉瘤,动脉内膜或中层撕裂后,血流冲击使中层逐渐成夹层分离,在分离腔中积血,膨出,也可与动脉腔构成双腔结构,按形态主动脉瘤可分为:
①囊性动脉瘤:瘤体涉及动脉周界的一部分,呈囊状,可有颈,成不对称外凸,
②梭形动脉瘤:瘤体涉及整个动脉周界,外伤性动脉瘤常呈囊状,粥样硬化常呈梭状,按发生部位,主动脉瘤可分为:
①升主动脉瘤,常涉及主动脉瘤;
②主动脉弓动脉瘤;
③降主动脉瘤或胸主动脉瘤,起点在左锁骨下动脉的远端;
④腹主动脉瘤,常在肾动脉的远端,涉及主动脉窦的近端升主动脉瘤常为先天性,其次为马凡综合征,梅毒与感染;升主动脉瘤主要由粥样硬化,囊性中层坏死,梅毒引起;降主动脉瘤,腹主动脉瘤以粥样硬化为主要原因,主动脉瘤大多为单个,极少数为二个或多个,随病程发展,主动脉瘤可以发生;
①破裂:动脉瘤薄弱的瘤壁受血流不断冲击而逐渐膨大,最后穿破而引起出血,
②附壁血栓形成:瘤体膨大处血流缓慢,形成涡流,如以瘤壁内面粗糙,易有血栓形成,血栓脱落可致栓塞,
③继发感染:继发感染使瘤壁更为薄弱,容易破裂,有时动脉瘤反复向周围小量出血,在瘤的周围积累多量纤维组织,形成包囊,如此则可能起保护作用以不致破溃。

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