孔子说子贡可比胡琏,是夸他呢还是贬他

2025-02-26 18:48:32
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

《公冶长篇第五》之第四章
[原文]子贡问曰:“赐也何如?”子曰:“女,器也。”曰:“何器也?”曰:“瑚琏也。”
[今译]子贡问道:“赐怎样呀?”孔子说:“你是一件东西。”子贡说:“什么东西呀?”孔子说:“你像是放在宗庙中盛黍稷的瑚琏。”
[解说]前面三章品鉴人物都是用“子谓”的句式,本章句式则有了变化,而以子贡主动发问的方式展开,这样文风不会太过单调枯燥,而稍显活泼些。
你看首章说孔子欣赏公冶长,于是嫁了一女;次章又说孔子欣赏南宫括,于是再嫁了一侄女;大概是孔子的女儿与侄女都嫁光了吧?所以,第三章说孔子盛赞宓子贱,就不再说嫁女或嫁侄女了,而是借此说鲁有很多“君子”了。
当然,笔者想,纵使孔子还有女或侄女,《论语》的编者也定不敢再说孔子“嫁”什么了。否则,这些编者,便很难说是“圣手”,倒有可能是些十足的呆子呢!
本章品鉴子贡,则是子贡自己主动站了出来,说:老师,您看我如何?《论语》就是如此生动活泼,读来难道不觉得兴味盎然?
孔子的回答也是“玄”之又“悬”、充满吊诡与调侃的气息:“女,器也。”你呀,是个“东西”呢。
对于这个“器也”的评价,子贡恐怕也是先吃了一惊罢。我想,此时的子贡一定也是先看了看老师的脸色,在确定了老师可能是要和他的幽默一把的意思后,于是很识趣地再问:老师说我是个“东西”,我到底是个什么“东西”呀?
你说孔子师徒之间的对话,不就像“这个老妇不是人,九天玄女下凡尘。膝下儿孙皆是贼,偷得蟠桃献母亲”那样跌宕?
对于子贡“何器也”的追问,孔子“瑚琏也”的回答也终于让读者与子贡都可以松一口气。那么,“瑚琏”又是什么东西?孔子说是子贡是“瑚琏也”又是什么意思呢?朱熹说:“夏曰瑚,商曰琏,周曰簠簋,皆宗庙盛黍稷之器而饰以玉,器之贵重而华美者也。”孔子的意思难道不是说,子贡你呀,是件宗庙贵器呢吗?
但许多注家都认为,本章孔子在肯定子贡的同时,却又含贬意。说子贡还只是一“器”,尚未入于道云云。并举《为政篇第二》中,孔子所说的“君子不器”一语为证。但笔者以为,不同语境下的相同语辞,意思本来就不一样。以《为政篇第二》中的“君子不器”来论证本章孔子说子贡“器也”,就是批评子贡并非“君子”,这是明显的牵强附会。就像说某人是国之栋梁一样,栋梁也是器呀,那说这人是国之栋梁,是不是也是在贬他非“君子”呢?
夸子贡宗庙贵器,只是比方的说法。大概只有脑残、智障与痴呆儿,以及变态狂,才会认为唯嫁女、嫁侄女才是肯定与欣赏罢?朱熹说:“器者,有用之成材。”老龚还是要投朱熹一票呢!他比说“这既是贬,又是褒”的李泽厚,以及说“没有道德或道德不高,只能算‘器’”的李零之流,不说要高明一千倍,至少高明五百倍是没有问题的!
如今还有骂人的话,“不成器的东西”;《三字经》说:“玉不琢,不成器。”看来像李泽厚、李零之流,真的是还不成“器”呢!

回答2:

夸他,瑚琏乃国之重器。

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