推荐回答(1个)
可得利益损失规定于合同法第一百一十三条,属于损害赔偿金的一部分。因此,如果当事人不依据合同法第一百一十三条主张损失,而是根据合同约定追究违约金
,则不能提起差价损失的请求。本文对合同法第一百一十三条适用于房屋买卖合同略作探讨。
对合同法第一百一十三条的理解适用:包含差价损失
《合同法》第一百一十三条:当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定,给对方造成损失的,损失赔偿额应当相当于因违约所造成的损失,包括合同履行后可获得的利益,但不得超过违反合同一方订立合同时预见到或者应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失。
这一条款包含如下六层意思:
1、“当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定”, 第一百一十三条第一句描述的是一方当事人违约,违约行为是赔偿差价的前提。(违约行为)
2、“给对方造成损失的”,说明该条适用的条件和举证规则,守约方应当举证证明实际发生的损失。(守约方举证,证明损失和损失的范围)
3、“损失赔偿额”,该处指按照《合同法》第一百零七条的“当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的,应当承担……赔偿损失等违约责任”,以及《合同法》第一百一十二条“当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的,在履行义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的,在履行义务或者采取补救措施后,对方还有其他损失的,应当赔偿损失”,说明因违约造成了损失应当赔偿。(有损失,就赔偿;有损失,才赔偿。)
4、“相当于因违约所造成的损失”,这里“所造成的”意味着第一百一十三条规定的损失仅仅是补偿性的损失,不包括惩罚性损害赔偿金。(赔损失,不惩罚)
5、“相当于因违约所造成的损失”,这里的“损失”,指的是直接损失,是现有财产的减损灭失和费用的支出,在房屋买卖合同中包括房款的支出、中介费用的支出、利息等。(已经支出的要赔偿)
6、“包括合同履行后可获得的利益”,这里指的是可得利益损失,也就是合同履行后能够得到的预期利益。在房屋买卖合同中,卖方按照合同约定转移所有权于买方,自买方接手房屋后,可以将房屋用于出售。因此买方需要承担房价下跌的风险,也享受房价上涨的利益。这个房价上涨的利益就是合同履行后可以获得的利益。(差价要赔偿)
因此,合同法第一百一十三条应用于房屋买卖合同法律关系中,就是当卖方恶意违约,给买方造成了损失,买方可以起诉卖方要求卖方赔偿损失;此时买方对损失的事实和损失的额度负有举证责任;买方可以要求卖方赔偿房价款、中介费、利息等直接损失;也可以要求卖方赔偿房屋差价损失。
合同法第一百一十三条未涉及的差价损失问题
这两个问题参照上海高院《关于审理“二手房”买卖案件若干问题的解答》:确定差价的办法可以是比照最相类似的房屋市场成交价与合同价的差额确定,也可以是通过专业的评估机构评估确定;确定时间点时应当以保护守约方的利益出发,以守约方的请求为基础,结合合同约定的履行期限届满之日,违约方的违约行为确定之日以及审理过程中房屋涨跌情况等,合理确定。(评估)
上海房产律师认为,起诉时原告可以在递交起诉状的同时申请司法鉴定
,要求对自卖方违约之日至鉴定报告做出之日,房屋的最高市场价进行鉴定,并以最高市场价与合同价的差额作为诉讼请求。
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