老约翰·施特劳斯，小约翰·施特劳斯，维也纳，莫扎特，英文简介拜托各位大神

1.JohannStraussSr.,themostpopularandsuccessfulconductorandcomposerofdancemusicofhistime,discouragedhisson'smusicalambitions.Despitetheseobjections,JohannJr.studiedwithJosephDreschler,and,atage19,conductedaprogramwhichincludedhisowncompositions,aswellashisfather's. Heearnedthetitle"TheWaltzKing"becauseofhisprolificoutputandfrequentinternationaltourswithhisownorchestra,whichusuallynumberedabouttwenty-six.Hewasalsoanexcellentself-promoter. Prof.FranzMailerofVienna'sStraussSocietytellsusthatfortheprivatecourtballs,Strausswasallocatedonlyfourteenmusicians.TheEmperorwantednolargerensemble.Athirty-four-mangrouphoweverplayedforthelargercourtballs,andforconcerts,48.80,orevenahundredmusicianswereused. Webelievehistouringorchestra(hehadseveralauxiliaryorchestraswhichweresentoutunderhisname)consistedof:fourfirstviolins;foursecondviolins;twocelli;twobassviols;twoflutes;twoclarinets;onebassoon;oneoboe;twotrumpets;twohorns;onetrombone;onebassdrum;onetympani;andoneharp.Manywindplayers'doubled'onseveralinstruments.Withthisgroup,andtheirinstruments,hetraveledbystagecoachfromViennatoSaintPetersburg,Edinburgh,andpointsinbetween,aswellasmakingan1872touroftheUnitedStates.WhenhewasinVienna,hewouldrushfromgigtogig,conductinghisseveralgroups. Hisbest-knownwork,TheBlueDanubewaswrittenin1867. JohannStraussJr.atDOMMAHER'SCASINO. 2. Strauss,JohannII(bVienna,1825;dVienna,1899).Austriancomposer,conductor,andviolinist,eldestsonofJohannStrauss,anddeservedlyknownas‘theWaltzKing’.Becausehisfatherdidnotwanthissonstochoosemus.ascareer,workedasbankclerkbutlearnedvn.secretlyandstudiedcomp.withDrechsler.In1844formedownorch.of24andappearedascond.ofhisownandhisfather'swaltzesinrivalrytohisfather(theyalsosupportedopposingsidesinthe1848revolution).Whenhisfatherdied,amalgamatedbothorchs.andtouredAustria,Poland,andGer.In1855engagedtodirectsummerconcertsinPetropaulovskyPark,StPetersburg,for10years.Cond.ofAustriancourtballs1863-72.Comp.nearly400waltzeswhichhavecometoepitomizeViennesegaietyandsentiment.VisitedParis1867,London1867,USA1872.Turnedtostage1871,whenfirstofaseriesofsuccessfuloperettaswasproducedattheTheateranderWien,themostfamousbeingDieFledermaus(1874).Ofhiswaltzes,theBlueDanube(1867),RosesfromtheSouth(1880),thegreatEmperorWaltz(1888),andTalesfromtheViennaWoods(1868)arebelovedwherevermus.isplayed,asarehispolkasandotherdances.WasfriendandadmirerofWagner,who,likeBrahmsandothercomposersincl.Schoenberg,werewhatweshouldnowcall‘fans’ofStrauss,recognizingasuprememasterofagenrewhocomp.withstyle,elegance,taste,andwit.Prin.works: OPERETTAS:IndigounddievierzigRuber(1871);DerKarnevalinRom(1873);DieFledermaus(1873-4);CagliostroinWien(1875);PrinzMethusalem(1877);Blindekuh(1878);DasSpitzentuchderKnigin(1880);DerlustigeKrieg(1881);EineNachtinVenedig(1883);DerZigeunerbaron(1885);Simplicuis(1887);RitterPazman(1892);FürstinNinetta(1893);Jauka(1894);Waldmeister(1895);DieGttenderVernunft(1897). BALLET:Cinderella(1899;completedasAschenbrdelbyJ.Bayer,f.p.Berlin1901,f.Eng.p.Manchester1979). WALTZES:AbschiedvonStPetersburg,Op.210;Accelerationen,Op.234;AnderschnenblauenDonau(OnthebeautifulBlueDanube),Op.314;Architektenball-Tnze,Op.36;Cagliostro,Op.370;ErinnerunganCoventGarden,Op.139;FreueteuchdesLebens,Op.340;Frühlingsstimmen(VoicesofSpring),Op.410;GeschichtenausdemWienerwald(TalesFromtheViennaWoods),Op.325;GrossfürstinAlexandra,Op.181;Hofballtnze,Op.298;Juristenballtnze,Op.177;Kaiser-Walzer(EmperorWaltz)Op.437;Kronungslieder,Op.184;Künstlerleben,Op.316;DerKuss,Op.400;Lagunen,Op.411;Liebesliederwalzer,Op.114;Morgenbltter(MorningPapers),Op.279;Nordseebilder,Op.380;OschnerMai,Op.365;Rathausballtnze,Op.438;RosenausdemSüden(RosesfromtheSouth),Op.388;Schneeglockchen,Op.143;SeidumschlungenMillionen,Op.443;Wein,WeibundGesang(Wine,WomanandSong),Op.333;WienerBlut(ViennaBlood),Op.354;WienerBonbons,Op.307;WodieZitronenblüh'n,Op.364. POLKAS:Aesculap,Op.130;Annen,Op.117;Armenball,Op.176;Aurora,Op.165;Bürgerball,Op.145;Champagne,Op.211;Damenspende,Op.305;Demolierer,Op.269;Electropher,Op.297;Explosionen,Op.43;Figaro,Op.320;Juristenball,Op.280;Lagerlust,Op.431;LeichtesBlut,Op.319;PizzicatoPolka(withJosefStrauss);Tritsch,Tratsch,Op.214;UnterDonnerundBlitz(ThunderandLightning),Op.324. Earlypublishedorchestrationsincludedstrings,doublewoodwinds,fourhorns,twotrumpets,onetrombone,twopercussionists,andoccasionally,oneharp. From1870onwards,threetrombonesandtubawereusual. Thelistofcompositionsbelowincludesallpublishedones,webelievethatthereweremanyotherswhichwerenotpublished.Allofthepublishedworks,exceptforaboutfivemajorwaltzes,werepublishedforpianoalone.Thegreatwaltzes(availablefromDoverBooks)werepublishedinconcert,notdancearrangements.WeknowverylittleabouthowtheStraussorchestraactuallyplayedfordancing.AlloftheStrauss'dance'Strauss'orchestrationswerelost. 3.Mozart Mozartisuniversallyrecognizedasamusicalgenus.Hewasbornin1756,inSaltzberg,inasmalltownatthebaseofamediavelhillfortinCentralAustria. Aboutthreeyearsoldhisfatherrecognizedhimasmusicallytalented.FromthenonMozartwasashowkid,andhisfatherwashishandler.HespenthalfhislifebeforetheageoffifteentravelingandperformingbeforethecrownheadsofEurope,thearistocracy,andinhallsforanyonewhowouldpaytocome. In1777,at21,hewentonajobhuntingtripacrossEuropewithhismother.ShediedonthetripinParisin1778.Hefailedtofindapositionthatsatisfiedhimwithacourtorthechurch.SoheheadedbacktoSaltzbergtoworkwithhisfatherforthearchbishop.By1781,hehadirritatedhisboss,theSaltzbergarchbishop,sufficientlytogethimselffired. Soat25,hemovedtoVienna,metHaydn(whowastwicehisage),andmarriedConstanzaWeber.Hisfatherdidnotapproveofthemarriage;hefeltthatConstanzawasnotoftheappropriateclasstoadvanceMozart'scareer.InthisperiodofdeclaredindependencefromhisfatherMozartmaturedmuscially,hebeganadecadeofproductionthathasmadehimjustlyfamous.Hedied11yearslaterat36,afterayearlongillnessofsomeunspecifieddisease.HewasburiedinacommongraveoutsidethecitywallsofVienna;withfewmournerstoseehimoff. AccordingtoStephenVogle,weknowagreatdealaboutMozart'syouthbecauseinhewasontheroadsomuchthathekeptincontactwiththefamilybywriting,andthelettersstillexist.Therawfactsmostpeopleagreeabout.HoweverbecauseoftheimportanceofMozart,historiansandpunditsofeveryagehaveaddedtheirowninterpretationofthesefactstoprovesomethingaboutthewayhumanitytreatsitsartists.TheresultisahugenumberofmythsaboutMozart'slife.Themuscial/filmAmadeushasdoneitsowndamageinourgeneration.NoonereallyknowsifMozartwaspoor;hecertainlywasnotrollinginmoneysincethereweretimeshedidn'thavethecashtopaytherent.However,conversionbetweenofthetimetotoday'smoneymakesnosense.OnejusthastohaveafeelforordinaryexpensesofthedayandhowmuchmoneyMozartwasmaking.Hewasnothoweverontheedgeofpoverty,becausehewaslivinginareasonableflatandsupportinghiswife.Hemayoftenhavebeencashlessforthemoment(andwhodoesn't),butjustasclearlyhehadareasonableamountofincome;heprobablydidn'tmanagemoneywell. Modernscholarshiphasdemolishedtheideathathewasburiedinapauper'sgravewithnoonetosaybye-bye.Mozartwasburiedinacommongrave,andcoveredwithlimethesamewaythateveryonewasburiedrichorpoor.TheVieneeseburiallawswereuniversallyhatedandwerechangednotlongafterMozartdiedpermittingindividualgravesagain.Normallymanypeopledidnotgotoseeapersonplacedinthecurrentcommongrave,adepressingaffair;insteadtheyattendedthefunneralservicethedaybefore. ThenthereisthemythofAntonioSalieri;hedidn'treallypoisonMozart.Mozartwasprobablykilledbyhisdoctor'streatmentsratherthanhisdisease.Althoughtobefair,withoutmodernmedicine,thediseasewouldprobablyhavewoneventually. 4. Vienna(German:Wien[vin],isthecapitalofAustria,andalsooneofthenineStatesofAustria.ViennaisAustria'sprimatecity;withapopulationofabout1.7million(2.3millionwithinthemetropolitanarea),andisbyfarthelargestcityinAustriaaswellasitscultural,economicandpoliticalcentre.ViennaliesintheveryeastofAustriaandisclosetotheCzechRepublic,SlovakiaandHungary.In2001,thecitycentrewasdesignatedaUNESCOWorldHeritageSite[3]andanEconomistIntelligenceUnitstudyof127worldcitiesrankeditthirdforqualityoflife

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