推荐回答(1个)
"无念为宗、无想为体、无住为本",这是六祖慧能大师在《坛经·定慧品》里开示的一个重要的修行法门。 "无念"就是,"于念而无念","于诸境上,心不杂",即在一切境上、心不被外境所染,在自己的心念上。常能远离一切外境,不在所遇境上起妄念。但不是百物不思,不是无思维存在,不是心中一片死寂,而是"心不染境",在念念之中排除一切杂念妄想、排除"尘劳邪见"。比如,名闻外养方面的,财色名食睡五欲方面的,利哀、毁誉、称讥、苦乐八风方面的,祸福、生死方面的种种杂念。又比如《西厢记》所说的"花落水流红,闲愁万种,无语怨东风"之类的思想,等等,人生不满百,常怀千岁忧!"无念为宗"就是以无念为宗旨。 "无相"就是"于相而离相"或"外离一切相"意思是,处一切相而即离一切相,或外离一切法相。如能在念之中排除一切杂念并且不执着于一切法想而离相,这就是"无相"。此即"无念"与"无相"的关系。 "无相为体"就是以"无相为本体"六祖说:"外离一切相,是名无相,能离于相,则法体清净。此是以无相为体"。如果说能离于相,那么法体就不会受污染,也说自然清净了。《金刚经》说:"离一切诸相,即名诸佛"。又说:"凡所有相,皆是虚妄,若见诸相非相,则见如来"。可见,无相即诸法实相。实相真如无相,佛性无相,自我本心也无相。《金刚经》还说:"如来说一切诸相,即是非相,又说一切众生即非众生",因此,"无相"即心佛众生三无差别。"无相"也是一切无相,如在行而无行相。在卧而无卧相,内心如如不动。此处"无相"不是指无诸法事相而是指无诸法的执着相。因为无相性空。无有实体,无所执着,不能执着于一切法相。"无住"是,在念念之中不仅排除一切杂念并且不住着,不执着于法而念念不住。此即"无念"与"无住"的关系。如果我们真能认识到一切法无自性,就像《楞严经·卷八》所谓的那样:"如梦、如幻、如露、发电、如镜花、如水月、如阳焰、如空花、如海市蜃楼、如芭蕉"而不执着,如果能在念念不住、念念不绝中不为杂念之丝所束缚;如果能不像《楞伽经·卷三》所说的"譬如被蚕虫,纲而自缠"那样;如果说能不像李白诗所说的"抽刀断水水更流,举杯浇愁愁更愁"那样,而是能做到念念之中不执着于一切法,能做到六祖所说的"兀兀不修善,腾腾不造恶,寂寂断见闻,荡荡心无著",(《坛经·付嘱品》六祖逝前揭诗),犹如流水转山,虽遇曲遇直、一点也不滞留,每个念头都不执着,始终与自我本心相契合,就显露自我本心了。 "无住为本",即以无住为根本。《维摩诘经·观众生品》说:"从无住为本,立一切法"。念念之中不思前境。"于诸法上,念念不住?"而无缚,每个念头都不执着。于心无事,于事无心。念念皆空,随时丢,物来则应,过去不留,如镜照物,镜上不留色影;如风来竹面,叶上不留风声;如雁过长空,空中不留痕迹;如百鸿踏雪,雪不见爪痕;如浮光幻影,掠过长空。倏起倏夭。《金刚经》说:"应无所住而生其心"。"无所住"即是一切都不住着、不执着,不追求怀往日荣辱,不计较过去恩怨,事如春梦了无痕!一切缺陷、忧苦、悔恨、烦恼、祸福、生死,等等都无住、都不被束缚,犹如飞鸟出笼,离开一切尘垢、离开一切妄念。"而生其心"就是,显露出自我本心,就是生清净心、悲愿无尽的菩萨心、菩提心、慈悲喜舍心、智慧心、平等心、利他无我心,等等。六祖所说的"心不住法,道即通流",意思是,"无著"既指排除杂念。不执着于法,也指正念不断。 简言之,"无念"是,在念念之中排除一切杂念;"无相"是,在念念之中排除杂念并且不执着于一切法相而离相;"无住"是,在念念之中排除杂念并且不住着、不执着于一切法。 "无念"、"无相"、"无住"名相虽不同,但在意义上是连贯统一的,在修行实践中也是如此。如能做到无念,则无相、无住亦同时具足,一切都无所执着了,在外境中不起妄念,不争、不贪、不求、不欲,无忧、无虑、无烦恼,无牵挂,洒脱、安详、自在、一切都放下了,都空掉了,连空境也空掉了,做到了离念、离相、离住而不蔽真如本心,六根无染、永舍,贪欲、自心觉悟,自心解脱,达到了"本来无一物,何处惹尘埃"的境界,就明心见性、见到自己本有的佛性,可以悟而成佛了。正是"我有明珠一颗,久被尘劳关锁,一朝尘尽光生,照破山河万朵!"相反,如果真如本心被蒙蔽,真妄颠倒,而且执迷不悟,则会陷人生死轮回苦海之中,无出期。这正像六祖所说的"凡夫即佛,烦恼即菩提、前念迷即凡夫,后念悟即佛;前念著境即烦恼,后念离境即菩提。"(《坛经·般若品》)。可见,成说与否在于迷悟之别、在于心念是否能远离一切外境而"心不染境"。 综上所述,可以明了"无念、无相、无住"这一修行法门的意义多么重大。其中最重要的关键是,必须通过修行、观照、自我反省去掉无始以来养成的贪执恶习、即于六尘上不起好恶美丑的分别心,于六识上不起贪爱、嫌恶之心,不动人我是非念头,保持一种自觉自由的良好心态。为此我们要努力学修。六祖说:"不修即凡,一念修行,自身等佛。"(《坛经·般若品》)。还说:"若欲当来觅法身,离诸法相心中洗,努力自见莫悠悠,后念忽绝一世休。"(《坛经·忏悔品》之无相顿)。接着在《坛经·付嘱品》的真假动静偈里六祖又说"报诸学道人,努力提高湏用意"。我们当勤精进,如救头燃,但念无常,慎勿放逸。因为"修行犹如驾渡舟,一步退时便下流,若不将兹勤努力,几时撑得到滩头!"我们必须充分利用现世潜心苦修,力求今生今世获得究竟,圆满才好。
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