孔加工过程中切削液如何选择使用?

2025-04-01 03:21:02
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

在数控加工中,孔加工主要指钻孔、铰孔、在车床上车削内孔和在镗床上镗孔。由于排屑、散热困难,刀具(杆)刚性差,孔加工的切削速度要低于外轮廓加工,难度也要高于外轮廓加工。
钻孔时使用一般的麻花钻钻孔,属于粗加工,钻削时排屑困难,不易散发切削热,往往造成刀刃退火,影响钻头使用寿命及加工效率。选用性能好的切削液,可以使钻头的寿命显著延长,生产率也明显提高。一般选用极压乳化液或极压合成切削液。极压合成切削液表面张力低,渗透性好,能及时冷却钻头,对延长刀具寿命、提高加工效率十分有效。对于不锈钢、耐热合金等难切削材料,可选用低粘度的极压切削油。
钻孔时,无论是普通钻孔还是深孔钻孔,散热条件差,会产生大量的切削热,切屑的排出方向与钻头的进给方向相反,切削液需渗入钻头刃部才能润滑、冷却和辅助排屑,切削液首先应该具备良好的渗透性,并且供液方式、流量和压力也要满足要求。
在提高钻头寿命指标上,油基切削液总体好于水基切削液,水基切削液中极压微乳液最好,油基切削液中低粘度的活性硫化油是所有切削液中整体性能最好的。
由于铰削属于精加工中低速薄屑切削加工,铰孔时,应该着重考虑铰孔的尺寸精度和表面粗糙度精度两项质量指标以及铰刀保持精度的使用寿命指标。
在控制孔径指标上,油基切削液均使孔径扩大,矿物油使孔径扩大量较大,极压切削油较小,活性硫化、氯化油最小;水基切削液使孔径减小,含硫极压微乳液、微乳液使孔径减少最大,乳化液居中,合成切削液最小。鉴于此,为了控制铰孔尺寸,使用新铰刀时,使用水基切削液,使孔不易扩大,当铰刀磨损至一定程度时,可以使用油基切削液,使孔径稍微扩大。
在降低铰孔的表面粗糙度这一指标上,使用水基切削液要比使用油基切削液效果好。油基切削液中,活性硫化氯化油效果最好,然后依次是含氯极压油、混合矿物油,纯矿物油最差;水基切削液中,乳化液、微乳液、含硫极压微乳液的效果基本相同,合成切削液最差。
在控制铰刀使用寿命方面,油基切削液中的非活性极压切削油和减摩切削油性能最好;水基切削液中,合成切削液最差。
除浮动镗刀外,车削内孔与镗削都属于单刃切削,散热条件比外圆差,切削液使用时与钻孔和铰孔一样,要适当增加流量和压力。

回答2:

在金属加工中,为了保护加工设备和加工产品双方不受损伤,切削油和切削液的使用频率往往很高,也是不可缺少的。在数控车床加工中,孔加工主要指钻孔、铰孔、在车床上车削内孔和在镗床上镗孔。鉴于排屑、散热困难,刀具(杆)刚性差,孔加工的切削速度要低于外轮廓加工,难度也要高过外轮廓加工。钻孔时使用一般的麻花钻钻孔,属于粗加工,钻削时排屑困难,难于释放切削热,往往导致刀刃退火,危害钻头使用寿命及加工率。选取性能好的切削液,能够使钻头的寿命明显延长,生产效率也大大提高。

1、合成切削液冷却性好,能及时冷却钻头,对使刀具寿命延长、提高加工效率极为有效。针对不銹钢、耐热合金等难切削材料,可选取低粘度的极压切削油。钻孔时,不论是一般钻孔还是深孔钻孔,散热条件差,会造成大量的切削热,切屑的排出方向与钻头的进给方向相反,切削液需渗透到钻头刃部才能够润滑、冷却和辅助排屑,切削液首先应该具备良好的渗透性,并且供液方式、流量和压力也要满足要求。
2、而通用切削油是最新润滑科技的中等负荷切削油,环保配方,不含硫,不刺激皮肤,对于铜、铝的加工无腐蚀性,针对加工后的钢铁材质有着短期的防锈功能。能有效防止金属接触而烧结,满足车、铣、钻、镗、铰、攻牙、雕刻等工艺,显著提高加工工件的加工精度和表面光洁度。
3、在提高钻头寿命指标上,切削油整体好于切削液,切削油中低粘度的活性硫化油是任何切削液中整体性能最好的。
4、在控制孔径指标上,切削油均使孔径扩大,而水性切削液使孔径减小。由此可见此,为了控制铰孔尺寸,使用新铰刀时,选用水性切削液,使孔不易扩大,当铰刀磨损至一定程度时,可以使用油基切削液,使孔径稍微扩大。5、在降低铰孔的表面粗糙度这一指标上,使用切削液要比 切削油效果好。切削油中,活性硫化氯化油效果最好,随后 是含氯极压油、混合矿物油,纯矿物油最差;水性切削液中,乳化液、微乳液、含硫极压微乳液的效果基本一致。

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