推荐回答(5个)
牛油果喜光,喜温暖湿润气候,不耐寒,仅个别品种可忍受短期0度低温,在世界上40°S~40°N有栽培,适宜年均温度20~25℃,抗寒力因品种不同而异(墨西哥系的耐寒性比较强,危地马拉系和西印度系的耐寒性较弱),抗寒品种可耐-6℃低温,抗寒力低的品种遇0℃低温则干枯,需要年雨量在1000毫米以上,根浅,枝条脆弱,不能耐强风,大风影响可导致减产,对土壤适应性较强。
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牛油果多用种子繁殖,也可用嫁接繁殖,播种时要剥去种皮在砂床催芽,选择土层深厚、排水良好、避风之地种植,株行距以5*(6~7)米较适宜,品种混栽可保证授粉。嫁接最好用容器育苗,苗径粗0.8~1厘米便可嫁接,多用芽接或腹接法,苗50~60厘米可定植,栽植株行距5~6米,嫁接苗定植3~4年或实生苗4~6年开花结果,成龄树株产25~50千克,高产的100~150千克。
牛油果多用种子繁殖,也可用嫁接繁殖,播种时要剥去种皮在砂床催芽,选择土层深厚、排水良好、避风之地种植,株行距以5*(6-7)米较适宜,品种混栽可保证授粉。嫁接最好用容器育苗,苗径粗0.8-1厘米便可嫁接。
定植
苗间50-60厘米定植,栽植株行距5-6米,嫁接苗定植3-4年或实生苗4-6年开花结果。
覆盖
牛油果是在热带雨林条件下、在竞争阳光中生长的果树,高温高湿的环境使其快速生长,若环境条件不具备则生长慢。故国外牛油果栽培多强调初期在植株附近生草或种绿肥,并在根际附近大量覆盖,通过覆盖增加表土有机质,形成与原产地相似的雨林根际环境,稳定根际生态条件,促进能抑制根腐病活动的微生物的繁殖。故从幼树期到树体本身能通过落叶形成覆盖层和根腐病发生前,进行树盘幼树特别重要。在冬季开始覆盖,春天补充厚度,到夏天便能形成很好的覆盖层。根际覆盖还可减少土壤水分蒸发,减轻干热对牛油果的损害,夏降土温,冬升土温,增加土壤有机质,减少杂草,防止坡地水土流失。但雨季要防覆盖土壤过湿。
施肥
每年常规应用氮肥4次以上,通常是撤施或是经由灌溉系统施,成年树幼果期施有机肥每株50公斤,复合肥50克,采收后再施一次,数量加倍。当叶片分析指明磷、钾含量低时施用磷、钾肥,在某些类型土壤上可以通过施用含锌的肥料或叶面喷施锌,春天新叶开展时喷施最有效,作物生长在钙质土或氧含量低的土壤上最有效的方法是将螫合铁溶液注入根区。某些土壤和灌溉水中有氮时用氮量应降低,树上很少见到有新叶生长并且叶色灰白或结果多时,则要增施氮肥。
排水
牛油果周年常绿,全年均需保持根际土壤湿润,对土壤干旱十分敏感,一旦缺水,生理机能受阻,树势衰弱,导致落叶落果,冬季抗寒力降低,故干旱时要适当灌水。从坐果到果实成熟,保持土壤水分至关重要,坐果的第一个月若受旱幼果严重脱落。在海南岛,4-5月的干热天气使油梨严重落果。故若连晴10-20天,园地土壤开始微裂,就应及时灌溉;降雨量长期低于蒸腾、蒸发量,也应补充灌水。但灌水要恰到好处,既要充足,又切忌过量,一般以湿透土壤为妥,若过湿,会加剧根腐病,又会降低果实可溶性固形物的含量。最好用喷灌或滴灌,漫灌可能使根系腐烂,滴灌可节水50%-60%。若干旱叶片开始卷曲,还可进行树冠喷水。雨季要注意排水,平地果园尤为注意。
中文学名 鳄梨
拉丁学名 Persea americana
科 樟科 Lauraceae
别称 牛油果、油梨、樟梨、酪梨
种植施肥技术
种植鳄梨的土地,应选土层深厚、排水较好、地下水位较低、向阳背风的坡地。建鳄梨园时定好定植穴,长宽深尺寸1*1*0.8(米),定植时每个穴施用优质土杂肥30Kg,另加金宝贝微生物菌肥10Kg混匀穴施,用土杂肥和金宝贝微生物菌肥施入,能活化土壤,增加养分固定,减少养分流失,维持营养均衡,刺激作物根系生长发育,增强抗病抗旱能力。同时能将鳄梨品质提高,成熟期提早,废果、残次果大大减少。种植3年内将全园深翻改土,每年在原定植穴边缘挖40~50CM的对沟或环状沟,继续施入金宝贝微生物菌肥(也可另用金宝贝肥料发酵剂发酵有机肥施入)为鳄梨根系营造一个良好的土壤生长环境。
定植后的次年,鳄梨正加速生长,施肥量应增加跟上营养供给。一般情况下追肥4次/年,追肥可以将动物粪便、麦麸等下脚料用金宝贝肥料发酵剂发酵做成有机肥施用,同时结合化肥,每株施用复合肥0.1Kg,尿素0.05Kg、硫酸钾0.05-0.1Kg,此处注意鳄梨不能用氯,施钾肥时一定不可用氯化钾。鳄梨的第三年,因开始开花结果营养需求更大。也是需追肥4次/年,但不同的是,此年需以有机肥为主,复合肥和氮肥为辅,适量配磷钾肥。有机肥选用,仍可沿用金宝贝微生物菌肥和动物粪便、麦麸等下脚料用金宝贝肥料发酵剂发酵做成有机肥施用,为下一年的优质丰产打下基础。
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