推荐回答(1个)
顾建兵 管丽君
[案情]被告人杨某于2003年至2010年期间,以自有资金通过朋友或借款人的介绍等方式,以月息1%至10%的利息先后向他人发放借款,累计达人民币284万元,非法获利人民币46.29万元。期间,杨某在催要高利贷的过程中,对部分借款人有威胁性的语言和强行拿走个别借款人家中字画的行为。
[评析]本案中,对杨某以自有资金发放高利贷的行为,是否构成非法经营罪?笔者认为,被告人的放贷资金主要来源于自有资金,放贷规模较小,未造成严重后果,尚不具备严重的社会危害性,不宜按照非法经营罪处理,可以按照中国人民银行的有关规定处理。
首先,从《关于对为索取法律不予保护的债务非法拘禁他人行为如何定罪问题的解释》和《关于办理赌博刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》中可以推断出发放高利贷的行为不构成非法经营罪。前一个司法解释指出,行为人为索取高利贷而实施非法拘禁行为的,对于行为人仅以非法拘禁罪认定。如果发放高利贷的行为构成非法经营罪,那么对于实施了发放高利贷行为,并且为索取高利贷而非法拘禁他人的,应该数罪并罚,而不仅仅以非法拘禁罪认定。后一个司法解释第四条规定:明知他人实施赌博犯罪活动,而为其提供资金、计算机网络、通讯、费用结算等直接帮助的,以赌博罪的共同犯论处。在赌博犯罪活动中,不少为赌博者提供的资金就是采取高利贷形式发放的,而按照该解释,采取高利贷方式为赌博者提供资金的是以赌博罪的共犯论处。
其次,从量刑上看,发放高利贷的行为不应认定为非法经营罪。《刑法》第一百七十五条规定的高利转贷罪、第一百七十六条规定的非法吸收公众存款罪均是扰乱金融秩序的,从社会危害性来说都大于高利贷,但高利转贷罪的最高刑为7年,非法吸收公众存款罪的最高刑为10年,而高利贷若按非法经营罪处罚,最高刑可达15年。罪刑相适应是我国刑罚的基本原则,不可能重罪轻罚、轻罪重罚。因此,不宜将以自有资金发放高利贷定性为非法经营罪。
再次,从发放高利贷所承担的风险上来看,已经足以达到惩戒的目的。发放高利贷面临的风险不仅可能资金收不回来,而且根据《中国人民银行关于取缔地下钱庄及打击高利贷行为的通知》,一旦查实系高利贷要没收非法所得,并依法处以罚款。一般认为发放高利贷行为社会危害性严重是因为其往往与其他犯罪相伴而生,比如非法集资,非法吸收公众存款或挪用资金、非法拘禁、故意伤害、敲诈勒索等,严重影响当地的社会治安,但是这些行为都有相应的罪名对之予以惩戒,不能因高利贷行为容易引发这些行为而非要将高利贷本身入罪。
综上,以自有资金发放高利贷不应定性为非法经营罪,应予以行政处罚,伴随其他犯罪行为的,直接按其他犯罪论处。
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