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死亡时间与早期尸体现象的关系
早期尸体现象是指死后不久,尸体未时所出现的尸体现象,常见的尸体现象有:1.肌肉松弛、2.尸冷、3.尸斑、4.尸僵、5.局部干燥、6.角膜混浊、7.自溶。
1、 肌肉松弛在死后就立即出现,表现为瞳孔散大,眼微睁,口微开,面部无表情,皮肤失去弹性,肢体松弛,各关节可随意屈曲,膀胱、括约肌松弛,有时可见大小便失禁现象。
2、 人体死亡后新陈代谢停止,机体不再产生热量,而体内的热量通过传导、对流、辐射、蒸发等方式仍不断向外界散发,生活状态内产热和散热的动态平衡被破坏,使尸体的温度逐渐下降变冷,称尸体冷却,简称尸冷。影响尸冷的因素有:(1)环境因素,一般成年人的尸体,在室温16℃-18℃的环境中,死后10小时内,平均每小时下降1℃,10小时以后,尸温下降速度减慢,平均每小时约0.5℃,经过24小时左右,尸体温度降至与环境的温度几乎相同,最后降至较环境温度低2-3℃。(2)尸体本身因素,在尸体本身因素中,死者体质、胖瘦、年龄、性别、死因等,对尸体冷却的速度也有一定的影响。
3、 人死后,心脏停止跳动,血液循环停滞,血液在自身重力的作用下,沿着血管坠积于尸体的低下部位未受压处,并透过该处的皮肤呈现出有色的斑痕,称为尸斑。
尸斑一般在死后1-3小时出现,其发展过程一般可分为坠积期、扩散期和浸润期三个阶段。(1)坠积期是尸斑的早期,为尸斑的开始阶段。一般在死后2-4小时出现,短则30分钟出现,长则6-8小时出现。坠积期尸斑的特点是:指压褪色;翻动尸体易发生尸斑转移现象;切开尸斑部位的皮肤,血液可从血管的断端流出,容易用水冲去或用纱布擦去,冲去或擦去后仍有血液流出。(2)扩散期一般于死后12小时左右出现,快者8-10小时。其特点是:指压部分褪色;翻动尸体不易出现尸斑转移现象;切开尸斑部位的皮肤和组织,血管的断端有血液流出而组织中有淡红色的液体流出。(3)浸润期一般在死后24小时左右出现,直至尸体。其特点是:指压不褪色:翻动尸体不会出现尸斑转移现象;切开尸斑部位的皮肤和组织,可见皮肤和组织呈均匀的淡紫红色,血管的断端无血液流出。
4、 人死后,全身肌肉经过一段时间的松弛后,逐渐出现僵硬强直,使各个关节固定,如口不能张开,颈不能弯,四肢不能伸曲等,这种死后肌肉强直的现象,称为尸僵。
尸僵一般于死后1-3小时出现,但也有死后10分钟出现或晚至7-8小时以上出现。最初见于少数肌群如下额关节和颈关节肌群,4-6小时逐渐扩延至全身,10-12小时最强,使全身各个关节全部固定。尸僵经24-48小时或更长时间开始缓解,肌肉的硬度减低,各关节可稍活动,缓解顺序与形成顺序相同,尸僵的完全缓解多发生于死后3-7天。尸僵的自然缓解是细胞崩裂的结果。
5、 人死后,尸体表面水分不断蒸发而得不到补充,以致局部尤其是黏膜、皮肤较薄而湿润的部位以及损伤的部位逐渐变干变硬呈暗的羊皮纸样外观,称尸体局部干燥,又称皮革样化。尸体局部干燥一般2-3小时开始,4-6小时变得明显。
6、 角膜混浊:指人死后,角膜的透明度降低逐渐发生混浊不透明的乳白色,无法透视瞳孔的现象。死后1-2小时角膜湿,瞳孔透明;3-4小时角膜湿润,瞳孔开始发白;5-8小时角膜开始干燥,瞳孔透明度逐渐丧失;9-11小时角膜微混浊;12-23小时混浊增强,瞳孔尚能透视;24-30小时角膜中等程度到显著混浊;48小时以后角膜完全混浊,瞳孔不能看见。
尸体现象的发展有一定的规律性,正确的认识和运用尸体现象规律和特点具有重要的法医学意义。根据尸体现象可以确定人已死亡,推断死亡时间,判断死亡时尸体的位置和姿势,死后有无移尸,有时还可以推测死亡原因和死亡时的情况等。但尸体现象也能破坏生前状态或某种损伤和病变。所以,正确的认识各种尸体现象及发生发展规律,在法医检验中尤为重要。
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