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变频恒压供水一拖二PLC程序解析
——PLC步进指令应用实例之一
一、变频恒压供水系统主电路和控制线路图:
此系统是2000年前后,由上海博源自动化有限公司制作的(很想念他们,多年未联系了)。主电路结构为变频一拖二形式。控制原理简述如下:
系统由变频器、PLC和两台水泵构成。利用了变频器控制电路的PID等相关功能,和PLC配合实施变频一拖二自动恒压力供水。具有自动/手动切换功能。变频故障时,可切换到手动控制水泵运行。
控制过程:水路管网压力低时,变频器启动1#泵,至全速运行一段时间后,由远传压力表来的压力信号仍未到达设定值时,PLC控制1#泵由变频切换到工运行,然后变频启动2#泵运行,据管网压力情况随机调整2#泵的转速,来达到恒压供水的目的。当用水量变小,管网压力变高时,2#泵降为零速时,管网压力仍高,则PLC控制停掉1#工频泵,由2#泵实施恒压供水。至管网压力又低时,将2#泵由变频切为工频运行,变频器启动1#泵,调整1#泵的转速,维修恒压供水。如此循环不已。
需要说明一下的是:变频器必须设置好PID运行的相关参数,和配合PLC控制的相关工作状态触点输出。详细调整,参见东元M7200的说明书。在本例中,须大致调整以下几个参数。1、设置变频器启/停控制为外部端子运行;2、设置为自由停车方式,以避免变频/工频切换时造成对变频器输出端的冲击;3、设置PID运行方式,压力设定值由AUX端子进入。反馈信号由VIN端子进入;4、对变频器控制端子——输出端子的设置。设定RA、RC为变频故障时,触点动作输出;设定R2A、R2C为变频零速时,触点动作输出;设定DO1、DOG为变频器全速(频率到达)时,触点动作输出。
上图为PLC控制接线图。水泵和变频器的故障信号未经PLC处理,而是汇总给继电器KA2。其手动/自动的切换控制继电器KA1来切换。变频/工频的运行由接触器触点来互锁,以提高运行安全性。可以看出,R2A和DO1是PLC的两个关键输入信号。在PLC的控制动作输出中,对变频到工频的切换是通过DO1(变频器零速信号)来进行的;对工频到变频的切换是通过R2A(变频器频率到达信号)来进行的。
二、PLC的步进程序图:
因为一拖二形式,控制上相对比较简单。实际上经S20到S23四个步骤,就完成了一个循环。变频切换工频和工频切换变频的时间是可调的,由FX1S型的PLC外附两只电位器D8030、D8031来调节的。两只电位器的值是直接放入上述两只寄存器的。这样方便了对切换时间的调整。另外,对变频器的启/停控制,是将输出端连接的交流接触器是先接通,然后再给出变频器运转命令;须变频切换工频,变频器需停机时,是先给出变频器停止命令,变频器停掉后,再断开接触器的。其中有0.5s的时间间隙,较好地避免了对变频器的冲击。
程序是用步进指令配合着置位、复位指令来做的。步进控制实际上只有两个指令的。STL,步控制开始。所有的步进控制都结束后,用一个返回指令RET,返回到开始步S0,再往下循环。从一个STL开始,到下一个STL之间,是一个“步”;SET是置位指令,将线圈置1状态——“得电吸合”,RST为复位指令,将线圈复位为0状态——“失电释放”;ZRST是批次复位指令,如将Y0—Y5等五个输出线圈一下子全部复位;M8002是一个特殊继电器,其触点上电时瞬间得电闭合(相当于一个上升沿脉冲),以后即为常开了。用在这里是对程序进行上电时的初始化处理。程序执行到S23步时,又回到S20步,如此循环。
因程序本身较简单,编写得又很流畅,配合着接线图与注释,具体流程一看便懂,在此不须多言了。
又及:随着技术的进步,变频器的功能日益强大,很多变频器本身已具备一拖三,甚至于一拖六的功能,这类程序很快要成为“文物”了;从配置上来说,用一块自动化仪表承担PID功能,变频器只是“被动地干活”,也是一个好的方案;变频器只固定地拖动一个水泵, 不作变频/工频的投、切,需补水时,可直接从工频投第二台泵,因变频器的调压(调速)及时,运行中,管网压力会更稳定一些。其实恒压供水,是有多种方案的,并不局限于本文中的结构。
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