船用汽轮机的简介

2025-03-15 21:20:26
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

用于推进船舶航行的汽轮机。1897年,英国C.A.帕森斯首次将2000马力 (1.5兆瓦)多级反动式汽轮机装于44.5吨的小艇“透平尼亚”号上,蒸汽初压为 1.4兆帕。这台汽轮机有高、中、低压3个汽缸,分别直接带动螺旋桨。小艇试航航速达34.5节(1节=1852/3600米/秒),超过了当时采用蒸汽机推进的驱逐舰航速,显示了汽轮机在舰船上应用的优越性,此后船用汽轮机就得到了较快的发展。
船用汽轮机的工作过程是连续的,可以采用较高的蒸汽初压、初温,并可膨胀到较低的背压,故效率比蒸汽机高。它有很大的通流面积,能通过较大的蒸汽量,单机功率较大,在大、中型舰、船上逐步取代了蒸汽机。船用汽轮机的最大功率受到螺旋桨的限制,一般不超过60兆瓦。有些大型军舰装 4台汽轮机,总功率达 210兆瓦。汽轮机是一种旋转式动力机械,运行平稳,工作可靠,维护方便。然而与船用柴油机和燃气轮机相比,它需要锅炉、凝汽器和管路等,设备较复杂;后动过程较长,操纵性较差;热效率也比柴油机稍低。它主要用于核动力舰船和功率大于25兆瓦的舰船上。
船用汽轮机的工作环境和使用条件与电站汽轮机不同。它安装在易变形的船体基座上,还经常受到船体摇摆、冲击的影响。它的正常运转直接关系到全船的安全,因而对可靠性要求更高。它的体积、重量也受到船体的严格限制。船舶在进出港口或执行任务时需要经常变速或倒航,因此对汽轮机的机动性也有特殊的要求。

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