谁知道月老的起源,有名的故事等等一切与月老有关的知识呀?
推荐回答(1个)
月老在中国民间是一个家喻户晓的人物,他主管着世间男女婚姻,在冥冥之中以红绳系男女之足,以定姻缘。
这一形象最初出现在唐人李复言的小说集《续玄怪录》的《定婚店》中,小说言及:杜陵韦固,少孤,思早娶妇,然而,多方求婚而终无所成。元和二年,韦固将往清河,旅次于宋城南店,有客为其撮合清河司马潘昉之女,期于南店西龙兴寺门口相见,韦固由于求婚心切,夜半即前往会面之地,在那里,他遇到了月下老人:
斜月尚明,有老人倚布囊,坐于阶上,向月检书。固步觇之,不识其字,既非虫篆八分科斗之势,又非梵书因问曰:“老父所寻者何书?固少苦学,世间之字,自谓无不识者。西国梵字,亦能读之,唯此书目所未睹,如何?”老人笑曰:“此非世间书,君因何得见?”……固曰:“然则君又何掌?”曰:“天下之婚牍耳。”……因问:“囊中何物?”曰:“赤绳子耳,以系夫妻之足,及其生,则潜用相系,虽仇敌之家,贵贱悬隔,天涯从宦,吴楚异乡,此绳一系,终不可避。君之脚已系于彼矣,他求何益?”(文据《太平广记》(中华书局,2003),下文同。)
这个于月下倚布囊、坐于阶上、向月检书的老人,就是后来在民间被奉为婚姻之神的月下老人。只要他用囊中红绳把世间男女之足系在一起,即使“仇敌之家,贵贱悬隔,天涯从宦,吴楚异乡”,他们也会成为夫妻。
婚恋命定观艺术化
月下老人以赤绳相系,确定男女姻缘,反映了唐人姻缘前定的观念,是唐人命定观的表现之一。唐人以为,人的命运,不是自己可以确定和改变的,“天下之事皆前定”(《感定录.李泌》),“人遭遇皆系之命”(《纪闻.王》),“人事固有前定”(《续定命录.韩泉》)。
唐人的这种前定观念,当然也表现在婚恋方面,“结缡之亲,命固前定,不可苟求”(《续玄怪录.郑虢州騊夫人》),“伉俪之道,亦系宿缘”(《玉堂闲话.灌园婴女》)。
月老形象的出现,正是这种命定观在婚恋领域的艺术化、形象化。其实,在李复言《续玄怪录.订婚店》之前,唐人小说中还有类似的形象,戴孚《广异记.阎庚》云:
仁亶见其视瞻非凡,谓庚自外持壶酒至,仁亶以酒先属客,客不敢受,固属之,因与合欢。酒酣欢甚,乃同房而宿。中夕,相问行礼,客答曰:“吾非人,乃地曹耳,地府令主河北婚姻,绊男女脚。”仁亶开视其衣装,见袋中细绳,方信焉。
这里自言为地曹的“客”,即是“主河北婚姻”者,同样是通过以袋中之绳“绊男女脚”的方式,确定世间男女姻缘。可见,在唐代,婚姻前定、主于地府冥司是流行和普遍的观念。世间男女之所以能成为夫妻,是由于地府冥吏以绳相系,是冥冥之中的命运安排。
不过月老于月下结绳以定婚姻的形象,更具诗意,因而流传更广,遂成为故实,月下老人也因此成为民间家喻户晓的婚姻之神。
牵红丝确有其事
《定婚店》中的月老和《阎庚》中的地曹以绳系男女脚以订婚姻,是唐人命定观念在小说中的形象化呈现,而这一男女脚的细绳,虽为于小说家想象和虚构,也却堪称绝妙,我想,古代男女成婚仪式上拜天地父母时牵红带的安排,恐怕也是由此逐渐演化而来。
其实,在唐代的现实生活中,也已经有用绳相系的方式来选择配偶的记载。王仁裕《开元天宝遗事》卷上《牵红丝娶妇》条中所载郭元振择妇之事,即是此类:
郭元振少时,美风姿,有才艺,宰相张嘉贞欲纳为婿。元振曰:“知公门下有女五人,未知孰陋,事不可仓卒,更待忖之。”张曰:“吾女各有姿色,即不知谁是匹偶,以子风骨奇秀,非常人也,吾欲五女各持一丝,幔前使子取便牵之,得者为婿。”元振欣然从命,遂牵一红丝线,得第三女,大有姿色,后果然随夫贵达。
此事《山堂肆考》等书亦载,张嘉贞有五女,郭元振不能确定到底娶谁,便用红丝相系而牵的办法挑选,这就是所谓的“红丝结褵”。当然,此事实出于传闻(洪迈《容斋随笔》卷一《浅妄书》有辩驳,可参看),然亦可见此类婚姻观念与习俗在民间的起源与演进。
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