推荐回答(1个)
名词:1、DNA的碱基互补配对原则:A与T配对,G与C配对。2、DNA复制:是指以亲代DNA分子为模板来合成子代DNA的过程。DNA的复制实质上是遗传信息的复制。3、解旋:在ATP供能、解旋酶的作用下,DNA分子两条多脱氧核苷酸链配对的碱基从氢键处断裂,于是部分双螺旋链解旋为二条平行双链,解开的两条单链叫母链(模板链)。4、DNA的半保留复制:在子代双链中,有一条是亲代原有的链,另一条则是新合成的。5、人类基因组是指人体DNA分子所携带的全部遗传信息。人类基因组计划就是分析测定人类基因组的核苷酸序列。
语句:1、 DNA的化学结构:①DNA是高分子化合物:组成它的基本元素是C、H、O、N、P等。②组成DNA的基本单位——脱氧核苷酸。每个脱氧核苷酸由三部分组成:一个脱氧核糖、一个含氮碱基和一个磷酸③构成DNA的脱氧核苷酸有四种。DNA在水解酶的作用下,可以得到四种不同的核苷酸,即腺嘌呤(A)脱氧核苷酸;鸟嘌呤(G)脱氧核苷酸;胞嘧啶(C)脱氧核苷酸;胸腺嘧啶(T)脱氧核苷酸;组成四种脱氧核苷酸的脱氧核糖和磷酸都是一样的,所不相同的是四种含氮碱基: ATGC。④DNA是由四种不同的脱氧核苷酸为单位,聚合而成的脱氧核苷酸链。2、DNA的双螺旋结构:DNA的双螺旋结构,脱氧核糖与磷酸相间排列在外侧,形成两条主链(反向平行),构成DNA的基本骨架。两条主链之间的横档是碱基对,排列在内侧。相对应的两个碱基通过氢键连结形成碱基对, DNA一条链上的碱基排列顺序确定了,根据碱基互补配对原则,另一条链的碱基排列顺序也就确定了。3、DNA的特性:①稳定性:DNA分子两条长链上的脱氧核糖与磷酸交替排列的顺序和两条链之间碱基互补配对的方式是稳定不变的,从而导致DNA分子的稳定性。②多样性:DNA中的碱基对的排列顺序是千变万化的。碱基对的排列方式:4n(n为碱基对的数目)③特异性:每个特定的DNA分子都具有特定的碱基排列顺序,这种特定的碱基排列顺序就构成了DNA分子自身严格的特异性。4、碱基互补配对原则在碱基含量计算中的应用:①在双链DNA分子中,不互补的两碱基含量之和是相等的,占整个分子碱基总量的50%。②在双链DNA分子中,一条链中的嘌呤之和与嘧啶之和的比值与其互补链中相应的比值互为倒数。③在双链DNA分子中,一条链中的不互补的两碱基含量之和的比值(A+T/G+C)与其在互补链中的比值和在整个分子中的比值都是一样的。5、DNA的复制:①时期:有丝分裂间期和减数第一次分裂的间期。②场所:主要在细胞核中。③条件:a、模板:亲代DNA的两条母链;b、原料:四种脱氧核苷酸为;c、能量:(ATP);d、一系列的酶。缺少其中任何一种,DNA复制都无法进行。④过程: a、解旋:首先DNA分子利用细胞提供的能量,在解旋酶的作用下,把两条扭成螺旋的双链解开,这个过程称为解旋;b、合成子链:然后,以解开的每段链(母链)为模板,以周围环境中的脱氧核苷酸为原料,在有关酶的作用下,按照碱基互补配对原则 合成与母链互补的子链。随的解旋过程的进行,新合成的子链不断地延长,同时每条子链与其对应的母链互相盘绕成螺旋结构,c、形成新的DNA分子。⑤特点:边解旋边复制,半保留复制。⑥结果:一个DNA分子复制一次形成两个完全相同的DNA分子。⑦意义:使亲代的遗传信息传给子代,从而使前后代保持了一定的连续性.。
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