试述产品生命周期各阶段的特点以及应采取的营销策略?
试述产品的整体概念及对企业指导定义?以上两个问题2选一
推荐回答(3个)
从现代市场营销理论来说:产品整体概念包含核心产品、有形产品、附加产品和心理产品四个层次。 核心也称实质产品,是指消费者购买某种产品时所追求的利益,是顾客真正要买的东西,因而在产品整体概念中也是最基本、最主要的部分。消费者购买某种产品,并不是为了占有或获得产品本身,而是为了获得能满足某种需要的效用或利益。 有形产品是核心产品借以实现的形式,即向市场提供的实体和服务的形象。如果有形产品是实体物品,则它在市场上通常表现为产品质量水平、外观特色、式样、品牌名称和包装等。产品的基本效用必须通过某些具体的形式才得以实现。市场营销者应首先着眼于顾客购买产品时所追求的利益,以求更完美地满足顾客需要,从这一点出发再去寻求利益得以实现的形式,进行产品设计。 附加产品是顾客购买有形产品时所获得的全部附加服务和利益,包括提供信贷、免费送货、保证、安装、售后服务等。附加产品的概念来源于对市场需要的深入认识。因为购买者的目的是为了满足某种需要,因而他们希望得到与满足该项需要有关的一切。 由于产品的消费是一个连续的过程,既需要售前宣传产品,又需要售后持久、稳定地发挥效用,因此,服务是不能少的。可以预见,随着市场竞争的激烈展开和用户要求不断提高,附加产品越来越成为竞争获胜的重要手段。 心里产品指产品的品牌和形象提供给顾客心理上的满足。产品的消费往往是生理消费和心理消费相结合的过程,随着人们生活水平的提高,人们对产品的品牌和形象看得越来越重,因而它也是产品整体概念的重要组成部分。
(1)导入期:特点:消费者对产品不了解,大部分顾客不愿意改变既定的行为模式;产量和销量都小,单位产品成本高;尚未建立起稳固的分销渠道,分销和促销费用高,企业亏损或利润很低。策略:快速掠取策略。缓慢掠取策略,快速渗透策略,缓慢渗透策略。
(2)成长期:特点:消费习惯形成,销量急增,利润达到高峰;老顾客重复购买带来新顾客;产品成本逐渐降低,市场竞争加剧;有较稳定的分销渠道,并继续扩大;单位产品的促销费用大幅度降低。策略:改进产品品质,改进促销重点,巩固和发展促销渠道,择机调整价格。
(3)成熟期:特点:竞争非常激烈,销售达到高峰,缓慢下降,销售利润开始下降,绝大多数属于现有顾客的重复购买,只有少数迟缓购买者进入市场。策略:市场改良,产品改良。
(4) 衰退期:
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