推荐回答(1个)
前言
我们都知道谐波对公用电网、电气设备和通信系统都会有不同程度的影响。电网中的谐波会导致电机的附加损耗,增大机械振动、噪声和过电压,使变压器局部严重过热。谐波使电容器、电缆等设备过热、绝缘老化、寿命缩短,以至损坏。谐波会引起公用电网中局部的并联谐振和串联谐振,从而使谐波放大甚至引起严重事故。目前解决谐波比较好的方案是引入APF有源电力滤波器,它由指令电流运算电路和补偿电流发生电路两个主要部分组成。指令电流运算电路实时监视线路中的电流,并将模拟电流信号转换为数字信号,送入高速数字信号处理器(DSP)对信号进行处理,将谐波与基波分离,并以脉宽调制(PWM)信号形式向补偿电流发生电路送出驱动脉冲,驱动IGBT或IPM功率模块,生成与电网谐波电流幅值相等、极性相反的补偿电流注入电网,对谐波电流进行补偿或抵消,主动消除电力谐波。通过下文内容让读者了解到有源电力滤波器有哪些常见的分类。
根据有源电力直流储能元件分类
根据有源电力滤波器主电路直流侧储能元件的不同,可分为APF有源电力滤波器的类型有:电压型APF和电流型APF。电压型APF采用一个大电容作为储能元件接在变流器的直流侧,功能等效于一个电压源,电流型APF主要在变流器的直流侧接一个电感作为储能元件,其功能等效于一个可控的电流源,以补偿非线性负载产生的谐波电流。电压型和电流型的APF结构图如下所示:

电压型APF的优点是开关损耗少、滤波效滤高,是绝大多数APF采用的主电路结构。电流型APF直接输出谐波电流不仅可以补偿正常的谐波,而且可以补偿分数次谐波和超高次谐波,并且不会由于主电路开关器件的直通而发生短路故障,因而在可靠性和保护上占有优势。
根据接入电网方式分类
有源电力滤波器根据电网接入方式的不同,主要分为并联型APF、串联型APF、混合型APF。
并联型有源滤波器
并联型APF主要是将有源电力滤波器的主电路和负载并联接入电网,它通过注入补偿电流来补偿电流型负载的谐波、无功和负序电流。目前并联型有源滤波器在技术上已较成熟,它也是当前应用最为广泛的一种有源滤波器拓补结构。其结构图如下所示:

串联型有源滤波器
串联型APF主要用于消除电压型谐波源对系统的影响,而其中流过的是正常负载电流,因此损耗较大,故一般较少使用。且各种保护电路也较复杂,因此很少研究单独使用的串联型有源滤波器,而大多数将它作为混合型有源滤波器的一部分予以研究。其结构图如下所示:

混合型有源滤波器
由于交流电源的基波电压直接或经过变压器施加到变流器上,且补偿电流基础由变流器提供,故要求变流器具有较大的容量,为了克服这一缺点,提出了与无源滤波器混合使用的APF。由于无源滤波器与有源电力滤波器相比,其优点在于结构简单、成本低、易实现,而有源电力滤波器的优点是补偿性能好,两者混合使用,既可克服有源电力滤波器容量大、成本高的缺点,又可以使系统获得良好的性能。常见的混合型有源滤波器的搭配方式为与LC滤波器并联使用的并联型APF,与LC滤波器串联使用的并联型APF,以及与LC滤波器混合使用的串联型APF。其结构图如下所示:

根据接入系统的不同的分类
根据接入系统的不同,可分为单相有源电力滤波器、三相三线有源电力滤波器和三相四线有源电力滤波器。
根据主电路的形式分类
有源电力滤波器可分为单个主电路有源电力滤波器和多重化主电路有源电力滤波器。后者可以增大有源电流滤波器的容量,提高等效开关频率,减少单个器件开关损耗,改善补偿电流的跟随特性。
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