银杏的形态特征是怎样的?

2025-04-01 14:40:21
推荐回答(3个)
回答1:

银杏为落叶乔木。5月开花,10月成熟。果实为橙黄色的种实核果。银杏是一种孑遗植物,和它同门的所有其他植物都已灭绝。变种及品种有:黄叶银杏、塔状银杏、裂银杏、垂枝银杏、斑叶银杏。银杏生长较慢,寿命极长,从栽种到结果要20多年,40年后才能大量结果,寿命达到千余岁,现存3500余年大树仍枝叶繁茂果实累累,是树中的老寿星。在山东日照浮来山的定林寺内有一棵大银杏树,相传是商代种植的,距今已有3500多年历史了。

银杏最早出现于3.45亿年前的石炭纪。曾广泛分布于北半球的欧洲、亚洲、美洲,中生代侏罗纪银杏曾广泛分布于北半球,白垩纪晚期开始衰退。至50万年前,发生了第四纪冰川运动,地球突然变冷,绝大多数银杏类植物濒于绝种,在欧洲、北美和亚洲绝大部分地区灭绝,只有中国自然条件优越,才奇迹般的保存下来。所以,被科学家称为“活化石”,“植物界的大熊猫”。野生状态的银杏残存于中国江苏徐州北部、山东南部临沂地区、浙江西部山区。由于个体稀少,雌雄异株,如不严格保护和促进天然更新,将被残存林取代。银杏分布区大都属于人工栽培区域。主要大量栽培于中国、法国和美国南卡罗莱纳州。毫无疑问,国外的银杏都是直接或间接从中国传入的。

银杏树高大挺拔,叶似扇形。冠大荫状,具有降温作用。叶形古雅,寿命绵长。适应性强,银杏对气候土壤要求都很宽泛。银杏树体高大,树干通直,姿态优美,春夏翠绿,深秋金黄,是理想的园林绿化、行道树种,可用于园林绿化、行道、公路、田间林网、防风林带的理想栽培树种,被列为中国四大长寿观赏树种(松、柏、槐、银杏)。

中国不仅是银杏的故乡,而且也是栽培、利用和研究银杏最早、成果最丰富的国家地区之一。古往今来,无论是银杏栽培面积,还是银杏产量,中国均居世界首位。从现存古银杏树的树龄来看,中国商、周之间即有银杏栽植。

银杏是中国特有而丰富的经济植物资源。外种皮可提栲胶;木材浅黄色,细致,轻软,供建筑、家具、雕刻及其他工艺品用,又为庭园树、行道树用;种子含有氢氰酸、组胺酸、蛋白质等;种仁供食用,多食中毒,中医学上以种子和叶可以入药,性平、味苦涩,有小毒。

形态特征

银杏树为落叶大乔木,高达40米,胸径可达4米,幼树树皮近平滑,浅灰色,大树之皮灰褐色,不规则纵裂,有长枝与生长缓慢的距状短枝。叶互生,在长枝上辐射状散生,在短枝上3~5枚成簇生状,有细长的叶柄,扇形,两面淡绿色,在宽阔的顶缘多少具缺刻或2裂,宽5~8(~15)厘米,具多数叉状并歹帕细脉。雌雄异株,稀同株,球花单生于短枝的叶腋;雄球花成葇荑花序状,雄蕊多数,各有2花药;雌球花有长梗,梗端常分两叉(稀3~5叉),叉端生1具有盘状珠托的胚珠,常1个胚珠发育成发育种子。

种子核果状,具长梗,下垂,椭圆形、长圆状倒卵形、卵圆形或近球形,长2.5~3.5厘米,直径1.5~2厘米;假种皮肉质,被白粉,成熟时淡黄色或橙黄色;种皮骨质,白色,常具2纵棱;内种皮膜质,淡红褐色。

回答2:

银杏(学名:Ginkgo biloba L.)是银杏科、银杏属植物。乔木,高达40米,胸径可达4米;幼树树皮浅纵裂,大树之皮呈灰褐色,深纵裂,粗糙;幼年及壮年树冠圆锥形,老则广卵形。叶扇形,有长柄,淡绿色,无毛,有多数叉状并列细脉,顶端宽5-8厘米,在短枝上常具波状缺刻,在长枝上常2裂,基部宽楔形。球花雌雄异株,单性,生于短枝顶端的鳞片状叶的腋内,呈簇生状;雄球花葇荑花序状,下垂。种子具长梗,下垂,常为椭圆形、长倒卵形、卵圆形或近圆球形。
银杏为中生代孑遗的稀有树种,系中国特产,仅浙江天目山有野生状态的树木,生于海拔500-1000米、酸性(pH值5-5.5)黄壤、排水良好地带的天然林中,常与柳杉、榧树、蓝果树等针阔叶树种混生,生长旺盛。朝鲜、日本及欧美各国庭园均有栽培。
银杏为速生珍贵的用材树种,边材淡黄色,心材淡黄褐色,结构细,质轻软,富弹性,易加工,有光泽,比重0.45-0.48,不易开裂,不反挠,为优良木材,供建筑、家具、室内装饰、雕刻、绘图版等用。种子供食用(多食易中毒)及药用。叶可作药用和制杀虫剂,亦可作肥料。种子的肉质外种皮含白果酸、白果醇及白果酚,有毒。树皮含单宁。银杏树形优美,春夏季叶色嫩绿,秋季变成黄色,颇为美观,可作庭园树及行道树。

回答3:

郭沫若的《银杏》,生动的描绘了银杏的形态,它还是生物的活化石

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