推荐回答(1个)
我来回答,音乐、戏曲
福州茶亭十番。“十番”名称的由来说法不一,有认为据清代李斗《扬州画舫录》卷十一记载,此乐种因用笛、管、萧、提琴、云锣、铴锣、木鱼、檀板、大鼓这十种乐器轮番反复演奏而称“十番”。有认为福州话“番”与“欢”同音,“番”由“欢”演变而来。福州十番音乐是一种著名的民间乐器演奏形式,它是由当地民间龙灯舞演变发展而来的,原来只是龙舞灯的伴奏打击乐,乐器只有狼帐、清鼓、大小锣、大小钹等,后又逐渐加入笛、管、笙、椰胡等丝竹乐器。十番的曲调来源可分四类:1、曲牌,为流行于当地的民间音乐;2、小调,为逐渐乐器化的民间小调;3、哗牌,当地流行的唢呐曲4、打击乐,只用打击乐器演奏的“清锣鼓”。演奏形式分室内和室外两种,室外演奏边走边唱,室内演奏乐队为前堂和后堂,前堂以金革为主,后堂以丝竹为主。
闽剧俗称福州戏,流行于福州方言地区及宁德、建阳、三明等地。闽剧是明代末年的儒林戏和清中叶以来的江湖戏与平讲戏这三种不同艺术风格的戏种,互相渗透融合,并吸收了徽戏和昆曲而形成了以唱逗腔的儒林戏为主的综合性多声腔剧种。闽剧表演动作强烈,粗犷,如舞台上常有三赶三追,扁嘴憋脸,抖手颤腿,耍发甩须等表演程式。但也有部分生、旦其动作较为细致典雅。
佳节
福州除春节、端午节、中秋节等传统节日以外,还有许多独有的节日。农历正月二十九,福州要过“拗九节”(也称“后九节”“孝九节”“送穷节”。)。这天清早家家户户都用糯米和红糖,再加上花生、红枣、桂圆、红豆、胡桃、芝麻等配米煮成“拗九粥”,用来祭祖和馈赠乡亲。已嫁的女儿要送上一碗“拗九粥”回娘家孝敬父母,福州俗语“逢九必穷”,认为人年龄上的“九”或“九”的倍数要交穷运,必须设法送穷。
寿诞丧葬
福建重视给长辈祝寿。福州传统是男庆九,女庆十。比如男人六十大寿,必须提到五十九岁那一年做,因为“九”与“久”谐音,象征着长寿。此外,在正寿前一天,必须先做“镶寿”。即在寿诞前一天,把小辈们送来的寿烛在祖先灵前全部点燃,三碗寿面分别插三朵纸花,族内小辈对过寿者叩拜,然后落座喝酒赏乐。小辈如果有钱,可请儒道设堂念经,替过寿者向北斗星求福寿,称“拜斗”。
福州丧葬习俗十分繁琐和奢侈。当逝者弥留之际,亲人必须将其床上蚊帐拆卸掉据说是为了让死后的灵魂好出窍;逝者断气后,必须为死者更衣,并在大门口“贴白”放炮。然后派人四处报丧,再准备好装满土沙的大脚桶,将素烛点燃后插在桶内,将其放置逝者床前地上,仿佛为死者奔赴黄泉路上照明。逝者脸上需盖上白纸,以示阴阳有别。
信仰禁忌
福建民间普遍存在着对树木山石的崇拜。凡是较为古老的树木,都被看作为有灵气的神木。如枫神、榕神、樟神、松公等。其中榕树作为吉神化身而更受信仰。无论城镇乡村,大凡在浓荫蔽日的著名古榕下,都会有人在树下敬香,祈求平安。
福州的生活禁忌可谓无处不在。主人请吃饭是,往往将饭盛得山般高,客人尽可以表示吃不了这么多,将饭往主人饭碗里拨,但千万不要犹豫不决,更不要顺手将筷子插在饭碗上,这样极不吉利。因为福州在供奉灵堂棺头时,有一碗装得爆满的“丧食”,上面直插一双筷子。赴结婚宴席时,不能将盘碗重叠,否则就意味着重婚。说话禁忌更多,“要碗饭”应称“来碗饭”,以避要饭之意。
饮食与饮茶
在我国京、鲁、闽、粤、苏、皖、川、湘八大菜系中,闽菜别具一格。
福州菜是闽菜的主要代表,有着独特的风味。福州菜肴用料和调味均以地方材料为主,操作注重刀工、火候,色、香、味、形俱佳,烹调上擅长炒、熘、煨、炖、蒸、爆诸法,其主要特点是:(一)善用糖。福州人煮菜,喜用糖调味,偏于甜、酸、淡,与川菜、湘菜多用辣椒形成不同的风格。用糖可以去腥,用醋是酸能爽口,适合福州炎热气候口味;淡是为了保存原味和鲜味。(二)常用糟。红糟是福建特产,福州菜肴有炮糟、淡糟、醉糟等十余种用糟法。此外,在调味品中也有用虾油。(三)多汤菜。福州菜善于以汤保味,有“百汤百味”之说。汤是闽菜的精髓。福州菜花色品种有2000种以上,其“佛跳墙”、“淡糟炒竹蛏”等都是名扬海外的名菜。
福建雨量充沛,多红黄土壤,具有种植茶叶的优越条件。绿茶、乌龙茶、红茶、花茶、白茶和紧压茶是我国六大茶类,除主要为少数民族饮用的紧压茶外,其他五大茶类福建都有大量生产,且几乎每县都产茶,与浙、湘、皖、川并列为我国五大产茶区,其中一些珍品,如安溪“铁观音”、武夷山“大红袍”、福鼎“白毫银针”等闻名遐迩。福建茶叶生产历史悠久,南唐时闽北已有“北苑御茶园”,饮茶风俗为全国最盛之地,已成“家不可一日无茶”,形成独有的饮茶风俗。
总之,福州因处东南沿海地区,面向海外,所以,它的文化也受到不同地区甚至不同国家的影响,但难得的是,它能融万物为一家,汲取其中的精华,升华为自身所独有的,另成一派。 1153希望对你有用!
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