推荐回答(2个)
原因:只有同阶单整,变量之间才有共同的增长趋势,才能同涨同落。时间序列的协整检验:先做回归,后做协整检验。
时间序列是指将某种现象某一个统计指标在不同时间上的各个数值,按时间先后顺序排列而形成的序列。
时间序列法是一种定量预测方法,亦称简单外延方法,在统计学中作为一种常用的预测手段被广泛应用。时间序列分析在第二次世界大战前应用于经济预测。二次大战中和战后,在军事科学、空间科学、气象预报和工业自动化等部门的应用更加广泛。
时间序列分析(Time series analysis)是一种动态数据处理的统计方法。该方法基于随机过程理论和数理统计学方法,研究随机数据序列所遵从的统计规律,以用于解决实际问题。时间序列构成要素是:现象所属的时间,反映现象发展水平的指标数值。
面板数据的协整检验与协整回归
1、前提:
待检验的两个或多个变量之间(自变量与因变量),(单整:单个变量的差分平稳,一阶平稳:差分一次;二阶级平稳:差分两次;,,,,)必须是同阶单整。
原因:只有同阶单整,变量之间才有共同的增长趋势,才能同涨同落。时间序列的协整检验:先做回归,后做协整检验。2、面板数据的协整检验:先做协整检验,后做回归。
协整:变量之间的长期的稳定的协调关系。
3、面板数据的协整回归:
(1)不变系数模型(各单位之间的回归系数大体相同)
变系数模型(各单位之间的回归系数大体不同)
F检验:略。
(1)固定影响模型(总体数据)
(2)随机影响模型(样本数据)
三大回归:
1、截面数据的回归
(1)异方差(穷人的额外消费与富人的额外消费差距甚大:收入作为自变量;消费作为因变量)
影响:自变量“纳伪”
消除:WLS
(2)自相关(时间序列的残差之间相互关联)
如果模型成功,残差之间应该无自相关。白噪声WN。
影响:自变量“纳伪”
消除:广义差分法:既对因变量进行差分,也对自变量进行差分。
(狭义差分:只对因变量进行差分)。
共线性
信息重叠。
VIF:大于10
剔除法(剔点)。
2、时间序列
ARMA模型(自回归移动平均模型)
平稳性检验:单位根检验ADF
等均值(实际:等观测值,08年GDP与09年GDP相等)
同方差(实际:同残差,08年残差与09年的残差相同)
协方差(相关系数):只与时间跨度的长短有关。时间间隔越长,相互影响越弱。
随机漫步:(random walk)
随机漫步:方差变得无穷大,均值变得无意义。
“单位”根:回归系数为1.
单位根过程:非平稳过程!
单位根检验:ADF
时间序列的协整检验与协整回归
(面板数据的协整检验与协整回归的应用)
协整检验
判断时间序列是否同阶单整
如果同阶单整
ADF检验
协整回归
OLS方法
对残差进行白噪声检验(判断残差是否存在自相关)
Quick-generate series 在对话框中写:“et=resid”,点击“OK”。
打开et,进行单位根检验。
如果检验结果,et为平稳过程,则说明刚才所做回归是协整回归。
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