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暴饮暴食:一种危险的心理疾病 如果没有原因突然出现明显的暴饮暴食,有可能患了一种名为“神经性贪食症”的心理疾病。神经性贪食症是指发作性的、不可抗拒的摄食欲望和行为,一餐可摄入大量食物,食后以呕吐、导泻、利尿、禁食或过度运动等方法来抵消体重增加的临床综合征。女性患病率为1%~3%,男性患病率约为女性的1/10,平均发病年龄18~20岁。 病因 神经性贪食症病因尚不明确,可能与多种因素有关。遗传因素,生化异常,如5-羟色胺功能失调,下丘脑5-HT释放降低均可引起暴饮暴食症状。精神应激经历越多的女性暴食的危险性越高。现代女性追求苗条所采取的一系列措施对食欲既可产生抑制,也可产生相反的作用,表现为暴饮暴食。 临床表现 发作性暴食是本症的主要特征。暴食发作时,食欲大增,吃得又多又快,甚至一次吃进常人食量的数倍,直到难以忍受为止。开始时,当事人为暴食行为感到害羞,偷偷进行,常伴有情绪改变,如焦虑和抑郁,多与体重和体型变化有关。患者过分重视身体外形且常常对自己不满意。暴食后出现厌恶、内疚、担忧,有的为此而产生自杀观念和行为。发作频率不等,多数人为一周内发作数次。为了抵消暴食引起的体重增加,患者常采取多种手段增加排泄、减少吸收或过度运动,如食后呕吐、导泻,服利尿剂、减肥药,减少食量或禁食等。发作间隔期食欲多数正常,仅少数食欲下降。多数患者能控制体重,体重正常或略增加,不足1/4的患者体重下降。贪食往往明显影响患者的社会和职业功能。 神经性贪食症的贪食症状是一种危险的行为模式,可以出现神经内分泌调节紊乱和各器官功能的严重损害。伴有自我催吐、导泻者则更危险,可因消化道出血和其他并发症而死亡。 治疗 治疗的目标在于营养状况的恢复和正常进食行为的重建,打破由于营养不良引起的躯体和心理后遗症影响,以及持续进食障碍和不良行为模式的恶性循环。治疗方案包括营养状况的恢复、药物治疗和心理治疗几个方面。 抗抑郁药治疗贪食症有一定疗效,氟西汀、曲唑酮、米帕明、去甲米帕明等能减少贪食症状,改善焦虑及抑郁心境。卡马西平、碳酸锂对贪食部分有效。上述药物使用剂量类似治疗心境障碍。另外,小剂量氟哌啶醇对部分患者有效。上述药物应在医生指导下使用,以免发生不良反应。 心理治疗的方法有认知行为治疗、精神分析及家庭干预,以改变患者对体型、体重的不恰当看法,改善抑郁情绪,减少贪食行为,建立正确的行为模式。 目前对神经性贪食症的自然病程或长期结局所知甚少。但有数据表明,未经治疗的患者,1~2年后25%~35%的病人症状自行缓解;经正规治疗的患者,50%~90%缓解。病期越长,预后越差。
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