推荐回答(2个)
蒙古族待客:按照蒙古人的古老传统习俗,有客必待,不分远近、不分贫富、不分亲疏,只要迈进蒙古包的门,都要热情相待。如果是从远方来的客人,主人还要走出蒙古包迎候。接待客人最常见的礼节是客人坐下后,要先上奶茶,然后端来各种奶制品和炒米,最后要上手扒肉、奶酒或白酒。客人走时,全家出门欢送。若是尊贵的客人还要敬上马酒。如果是公家接待的客人,一定要送出埠外,以示对客人的尊敬。
【请安】来客人后,第一个礼仪就是请安,请安时要恭恭敬敬地站在客人面前,面对客人,右腿向前跨半步稍屈膝,右手放在右膝上,身体前倾稍弯腰,口中说一声“阿木尔”或“门德”,意为“平安”。妇女请安时,左腿向前跨一步,双腿同时下蹲,双手交叉扶于左膝上,也说一声“阿木尔”或“门德”,这种请安叫屈膝礼。受安者要向请安者说几句祝福的话,表示回敬。
【敬鼻烟】到蒙古包做客或两个人相逢时,随着问安声双手捧着鼻烟壶相互递送交换,嗅完鼻烟后,再将各自的鼻烟壶换回。这叫敬鼻烟,这也是接待客人最常见的见面礼。如果客人是长辈,晚辈要站在客人面前双手把鼻烟壶捧给客人,待客人接过鼻烟壶,从壶中掏出鼻烟嗅一嗅再还给本人。如果长者回递鼻烟壶时,晚辈要慢慢弓身将鼻烟壶接过来,用右手向上举一下,而后双手奉还。如果客人是同辈,要用右手相互交换鼻烟壶,各自掏出对方的鼻烟壶嗅一嗅,然后奉还。
【献哈达】通常说的哈达蒙古语叫“哈达格”。献哈达是蒙古人见面礼中的一项礼仪,当客人坐好以后,主人要郑重地双手托起哈达敬献给客人。哈达,相当于礼巾,有 2 种,一种是长条哈达, 3 至 5 尺长,幅宽 1 尺左右,献哈达时以宽面折成 3 寸的条带,双手向上托起献给对方。另一种是三角哈达,在清代三角哈达在杜尔伯特旗较为盛行,如节庆,祭祀、婚礼、待客、日常礼仪中都用三角哈达,它是将一尺见方的哈达,从一个角左右相对各折三分之一,变成一条飘带似的三角形,斟一杯酒,把酒放在哈达的窄幅尖角上,一同奉献,这种哈达经济,方便,适用。
【敬酒】也是蒙古人待客的一种礼仪。当客人入座进餐,主人首先要向客人敬酒,以示尊敬。杜尔伯特人以三为吉数,所以一般向客人敬三杯酒,然后方可自便。向客人敬酒时往往伴随敬酒歌,表达衷心的祝愿。在杜尔伯特流行的祝酒歌称《四海之歌》。象西江的水清澈透明,用巴吉玛酿造的美酒请干一杯。象东江的水清澈透明,用吉木斯酿造的美酒请干一杯。象南江的水清澈透明,用乌珠莫酿造的美酒请干一杯。象北江的水清澈透明,胡比勒干酿造的美酒请干一杯。近年《鄂尔多斯祝酒歌》也传入杜尔伯特地区,成为当代最流行的祝酒歌。
【酹酒礼】>也称洒酒礼。是用来祭祀、庆典、敬祖的一种礼仪。在杜尔伯特蒙古人中,每逢祭祀敖包,祭祀神山、祭泉、祭祖、祭火或那达慕会,各种节庆活动都实行洒酒礼。这已成为传统习惯。
【祝福礼】是有目的的、有针对性的用吉祥语言祝福对方。这种祝福礼杜尔伯特人主要用于春节拜年,亲属探亲等场合。用吉祥的语言使对方高兴,并希望谶言如意。是尊重别人的一种美德。也是增进友谊的一种方式。
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