求石油工业中钻头的发展历史与现状

钻头是用以在实体材料上钻削出通孔或盲孔，并能对已有的孔扩孔的刀具。常用的钻头主要有麻花钻、扁钻、中心钻、深孔钻和套料钻。扩孔钻和锪钻虽不能在实体材料上钻孔,但习惯上也将它们归入钻头一类。
麻花钻是应用最广的孔加工刀具。通常直径范围为0.25～80毫米。它主要由工作部分和柄部构成。工作部分有两条螺旋形的沟槽，形似麻花，因而得名。为了减小钻孔时导向部分与孔壁间的摩擦，麻花钻自钻尖向柄部方向逐渐减小直径呈倒锥状。麻花钻的螺旋角主要影响切削刃上前角的大小、刃瓣强度和排屑性能，通常为25°～32°。螺旋形沟槽可用铣削、磨削、热轧或热挤压等方法加工，钻头的前端经刃磨后形成切削部分。标准麻花钻的切削部分顶角为118，横刃斜角为40°～60°,后角为8°～20°。由于结构上的原因，前角在外缘处大、向中间逐渐减小，横刃处为负前角（可达－55°左右），钻削时起挤压作用。为了改善麻花钻的切削性能，可根据被加工材料的性质将切削部分修磨成各种外形（如群钻）。麻花钻的柄部形式有直柄和锥柄两种，加工时前者夹在钻夹头中，后者插在机床主轴或尾座的锥孔中。一般麻花钻用高速钢制造。镶焊硬质合金刀片或齿冠的麻花钻适于加工铸铁、淬硬钢和非金属材料等，整体硬质合金小麻花钻用于加工仪表零件和印刷线路板等。
扁钻的切削部分为铲形，结构简单，制造成本低，切削液轻易导入孔中，但切削和排屑性能较差。扁钻的结构有整体式和装配式两种。整体式主要用于钻削直径0.03～0.5毫米的微孔。装配式扁钻刀片可换,可采用内冷却，主要用于钻削直径25～500毫米的大孔。
深孔钻通常是指加工孔深与孔径之比大于 6的孔的刀具。常用的有枪钻、BTA深孔钻、 喷射钻、DF深孔钻等。套料钻也常用于深孔加工。
扩孔钻有3～4个刀齿，其刚性比麻花钻好，用于扩大已有的孔并提高加工精度和光洁度。
锪钻有较多的刀齿，以成形法将孔端加工成所需的外形，用于加工各种沉头螺钉的沉头孔，或削平孔的外端面。
中心钻供钻削轴类工件的中心孔用，它实质上是由螺旋角很小的麻花钻和锪钻复合而成，故又称复合中心钻。
一种钻头，包括一个刀杆（1），刀杆有一个尖端，尖端有两个位于一个主平面（C－C）上的切削刀片（5、5′），所述切削刀片（5、5′）具有在共同第二平面（E－E）上取向的短的中心切削刀刃。所述刀刃形成一个点状中心切削刀刃用于进入工件，并且由此将钻头对中。在刀杆上，设两个排屑槽（6、6′），所述排屑槽（6、6′）从尖端延伸到底端。在沿刀杆的任一截面上，排屑槽在管平面上都位于彼此径向相对的位置，管平面与在管的两侧的两个刃带的共同刃带平面（F－F）成90°延伸，所述刀杆在该平面具有最大的刚性。中心切削刀刃的第二平面（E－E）的取向与刃带平面或刀杆的底端的主刚性方向（F－F）大约成90°角。
一种在对混凝土等进行的钻孔作业中，能缓和钻孔状态突然改变的情况，使钻孔作业稳定，即使在产生大粒的切屑时，钻孔效率也不致降低的钻头。
其大致呈辐射状配置的切刃部，具有至少2个主切刃部、以及在圆周方向上配设于所述主切刃部与主切刃部之间的，至少两个副切刃部，所述主切刃部具备作为其切刃的主切刃，主切刃内端位于旋转中心，外端则位于切刃部的旋转轨迹的外缘；
所述副切刃部具有作为其切刃的副切刃，该副切刃内端位于向外径侧偏离旋转中心的部位，外端则位于向旋转中心侧偏离切刃部的旋转轨迹的外缘的位置上。
1.一种钻头，具备配置于钻头前端的多个切刃部、及设于该切刃部基端一侧且于基端部上形成有柄部的轴状钻头主体；
所述切刃部具有由切削面与后隙面的接合缘向前端侧突设而形成的切刃，所述切刃自钻头旋转中心侧向外径侧配置成大致辐射状；
其利用旋转动作与轴方向的动作的复合动作进行冲击切削，其特征在于，所述切刃部具有至少2个主切刃部、以及配设于圆周方向的所述主切刃部与主切刃部之间的，至少2个副切刃部；
所述主切刃部具有作为其切刃的主切刃，所述主切刃内端位于旋转中心，外端则位于切刃部的旋转轨迹的外缘，所述副切刃部具有作为其切刃的副切刃，所述副切刃内端位于从旋转中心向外径侧偏离的部位，外端位于从切刃部的旋转轨迹的外缘向旋转中心侧偏离的位置。

PDC钻头

[1]的简称。是石油钻井行业常用的一种钻井工具。
PDC产品性能不断改进
在过去的几年间，PDC切削齿的质量和类型都发生了巨大的变化。如果将20世纪80年代的齿与当今的齿进行比较的话，差异是相当大的。由于混合工艺与制造工艺的变化，当今的切削齿的质量性能要好得多，使钻头的抗冲蚀以及抗冲击能力都大为提高。
工程师们还对碳化钨基片与人造金刚石之间的界面进行了优化，以提高切削齿的韧性。层状金刚石工艺方面的革新也被用于提高产品的抗磨蚀性和热稳定性。
除了材料和制造工艺方面的发展以外，PDC产品在齿的设计技术和布齿方面也实现了重大的突破。现在，PDC产品已可被用于以前所不能应用的地区，如更硬、磨蚀性更强和多变的地层。这种向新领域中的扩展，对金刚石（固定切削齿）钻头和牙轮钻头之间的平衡发生了很大的影响。
最初，PDC钻头只能被用于软页岩地层中，原因是硬的夹层会损坏钻头。但由于新技术的出现以及结构的变化，目前PDC钻头已能够用于钻硬夹层和长段的硬岩地层了。PDC钻头正越来越多地为人们所选用，特别是随着PDC齿质量的不断提高，这种情况越发凸显。
由于钻头设计和齿的改进，PDC钻头的可定向性也随之提高，这进一步削弱了过去在马达钻井中牙轮钻头的优势。目前，PDC钻头每天都在许多地层的钻井应用中排挤掉牙轮钻头的市场。
常用机械钻头,有直柄麻花钻(普通型),可以钻头:45#钢,不锈钢,利用钻硬度弱一点的材质.合金钻,可以钻Cr12钢,利用钻硬度较强的材质.利用钻头的专业知识,可以让自己利润降低.
聚晶金刚石复合片钻头的简称。是石油钻井行业常用的一种钻井工具。
PDC产品性能不断改进
在过去的几年间，PDC切削齿的质量和类型都发生了巨大的变化。如果将20世纪80年代的齿与当今的齿进行比较的话，差异是相当大的。由于混合工艺与制造工艺的变化，当今的切削齿的质量性能要好得多，使钻头的抗冲蚀以及抗冲击能力都大为提高。
工程师们还对碳化钨基片与人造金刚石之间的界面进行了优化，以提高切削齿的韧性。层状金刚石工艺方面的革新也被用于提高产品的抗磨蚀性和热稳定性。
除了材料和制造工艺方面的发展以外，PDC产品在齿的设计技术和布齿方面也实现了重大的突破。现在，PDC产品已可被用于以前所不能应用的地区，如更硬、磨蚀性更强和多变的地层。这种向新领域中的扩展，对金刚石（固定切削齿）钻头和牙轮钻头之间的平衡发生了很大的影响。
最初，PDC钻头只能被用于软页岩地层中，原因是硬的夹层会损坏钻头。但由于新技术的出现以及结构的变化，目前PDC钻头已能够用于钻硬夹层和长段的硬岩地层了。PDC钻头正越来越多地为人们所选用，特别是随着PDC齿质量的不断提高，这种情况越发凸显。
由于钻头设计和齿的改进，PDC钻头的可定向性也随之提高，这进一步削弱了过去在马达钻井中牙轮钻头的优势。目前，PDC钻头每天都在许多地层的钻井应用中排挤掉牙轮钻头的市场。

Preview Abstract
Selecting bit when you have multiple bit vendors giving their proposal can be a challenge for the operator. To justify the bit selection can be hard for the drilling engineer in a multiple vendor situation. The purpose of this paper is to show a systematic approach on how to select PDC bit based on quantitative measure by using a simple scorecard. When the drilling organization has agreed on the overall drilling objective for the well a scorecard is used as decision criteria for selecting bits. To quantify the input for each bit a drilling simulator was used. The simulator can, based on a rock strength prognosis for a well, predict the rate of penetration and bit wear for each bit based on the bit design. For other criteria which are more difficult to obtain e.g. ability to create dog leg a qualitative ranking was used. In the two field examples shown from the North Sea the method has worked well to give a reliable and transparent bit selection method. Using a scorecard also reduced the ambiguity among the bit company representatives on how the selection process was done.

Introduction
Bit selection is one of many activities the drilling engineer needs to do. The drilling engineer which himself often isn’t an expert on bit design has to relay on the recommendations from the bit manufacturer experts. However, to choose between the different bit manufacturers recommendations can be hard. Often selection is based on previously bit manufacturers experience in the field or based on the bit manufacturers’ success with a new design elsewhere in the world. The decision criteria for selecting bit are often vague. And after the decision is made it is hard for the drilling engineer on an objective basis justifying the bit selection, both to the internal organization and also to the other bit companies who lost the tender. Oil companies have chosen different approaches to try to overcome this problem. In some cases the service companies has got the responsibility for bit selection by engaging the service companies optimization engineers. The operator doesn’t need worry about the bit selection but the drawback is that the operator still keeps all the financial risk for the bit selection and ultimately the drilling operation. Another approach is to let a bit company be a preferred supplier with a contract for the next year or more. Such a contract includes elements of incentive based pricing so that the service company can gain from the improvements in drilling and has incentives to do so. However, in a complex drilling operation such pricing strategy may create a new challenge on how to correctly identify the actual cause for improvements or failures, and how to handle them in contractual terms. To give an example, a price incentive based on ROP increase can be destroyed for the bit company if other BHA equipment fails. Such situation can turn into a battle between the different service companies on which company should receive the pricing penalties or bonuses instead of working on the technical root causes of the problem.

In the end the oil company has to decide on how to balance technical and financial control. This paper describes a method to improve the process of PDC bit selection by creating a more transparent method of bit selection and also improve bit performance based on the principles of a balanced scorecard when a tender procurement practice is chosen.

The bit selection scorecard
Balanced scorecard is a strategic management system which has gain widespread usage in the last 15 years1,2. It is a tool for companies to communicate, measure performance and steer activities in alignment with the company strategy. Balanced scorecard main purpose is to overcome the limitations of only doing financial tracking when evaluating the company strategy. In a company the balanced scorecard breaks the strategy into the four different perspectives of financial results, customer appearance, internal business process and learning and growth1.

For our application this approach is way to complex and we have adapted a simplified scorecard as shown in Figure 1. The scorecard is built up on three main activities given in the header, define the objective, measure performance and select PDC bit.

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