谈谈玄学对魏晋文化思潮的影响

2024-11-29 02:34:38
推荐回答(3个)
回答1:

玄学是魏晋时期的主要哲学思潮,是道家和儒家融合而出现的一种文化思潮,也可以说是道家之学以一种新的表现方式,故又有新道家之称。

"玄"字的本义是一种深赤而近黑的颜色,所以许慎《说文》引意解为:玄,幽远也。"玄"字出自老子《道德经》"玄之又玄,众玄之门",言道幽深微妙。"玄学"之称的由来,正是因为魏晋时期清谈家称《周易》、《老子》、《庄子》三本书为"三玄",所以"玄学"之名由此而来。

东汉末年至两晋,是两百多年的乱世,随着东汉大一统王朝的分崩离析,统治思想界近四百年的儒家之学也开始失去了魅力,士大夫对两汉经学的繁琐学风、谶纬神学的怪诞浅薄,以及三纲五常的陈词滥调普遍感到厌倦,于是转而寻找新的"安身立命"之地,醉心于形而上的哲学论辩。这种论辩犹如后代的沙龙,风雅名士(以嵇康、阮籍为代表赫赫有名的"竹林七贤"恰是魏晋风度的化身),聚在一起,谈论玄道,当时人称之为"清谈"或"玄谈"。

据清代学者赵翼《二十二史剳记》称,清谈之风始于魏齐王曹芳正始年间,何晏、王弼可以说是创始人,他们都是当时贵族名士,影响所及,便成一代风气。《晋书》上所谓"正始之音"也正是指整个魏晋时期玄谈风气。

清谈家们有一种时髦,就是一边潇洒地挥着麈尾,一边侃侃而谈。清谈的话题一般都是围绕着《周易》、《老子》、《庄子》这三本玄妙深奥的书展开,清谈的内容主要涉及有与无、生与死、动与静、名教与自然、圣人有情或无情、声有无哀乐、言能否尽意等形而上的问题。在正统士大夫看来,诸如此类清谈都与国计生民无关,因此就有"清谈误国"之类的说法,如儒家学者范宁就说:"何晏、王弼之罪,深于桀、纣。"

何晏、王弼主张"贵无论",说"天地万物皆以无为本"(《晋书·王衍传》),又提出"名教"出于"自然"说。其后阮籍、嵇康主张"越名教任自然"(《与山巨源绝交书》)。嵇康并"以六经为芜秽,以仁义为臭腐"(《难自然好学论》),"非汤武而薄周孔"(此句也是出自《与山巨源绝交书》,此篇文采斐然权不谈,一般来说可以算是嵇康的宣言书,甚至是当时魏晋二三子的宣言书,但窃以为,依当时历史情势来看,嵇康其意并非真的"越名教任自然,非汤武而薄周孔",而是作文明志而已,说地明白点,便是让那司马家知道自己的心思,而事实上显然不是真的坚决"越名教任自然,非汤武而薄周孔",这在嵇康其它文章中可知一斑)。其后完成于郭象,其作《庄子注》,此书一出,玄学大畅,"儒墨之迹见鄙,道家之言遂盛焉"(《晋书·郭象传》)。郭象主张崇有论,认为无不能生有,说"造物者无主,而物各自造"(《齐物论注》),又主张"名教即自然"。玄学并不完全排斥孔学,它力图用道家语言解释儒家经典,即所谓"引老入儒",调和儒道两家。何晏作《论语集解》,王弼作《周易注》、《周易略例》和《论语释疑》,郭象作《论语体略》,都尽力把玄学和正统儒家名教加以融通。玄学也尊孔子为圣人,然而把孔子玄学化。如王弼认为孔子贵无,嵇康则言孔子善于养生。其实,即便是攻击礼法之士的玄学家也重视儒家观念,阮籍说"尊卑有分,上下有等,谓之礼",嵇康在家中提倡儒家道德,说"不须作小小卑恭,当大谦让;不须作小小廉耻,当全大让"。

总的来说,玄学是当时一批知识精英跳出传统的思维方式(修齐治平),对宇宙、社会、人生所作的哲学反思,以在正统的儒家信仰发生严重危机后,为士大夫重新寻找精神家园。南北朝时,佛教以玄学语言阐述佛理,玄学家也有以谈佛理见长者,玄佛合理。东晋后,玄学已与佛学合流,做为一种时代思潮的玄学也就"笑渐不闻声渐悄"了。

回答2:

其实玄学在魏晋时期盛行的根本原因还在于政体,魏晋尤其是晋朝他的开国靠的就是士族势力的支持,士族的影响一直贯穿了整个魏晋南北朝。甚至可以说很多大族都是坐至三公,他们不但不去务实的从政,还把务实看成时可耻的事情。就这样空谈的玄学便应运而生了。说白了玄学就是假大空向谢玄这种士族玄学代表就是明显的例子,他可以在淝水之战胜利后淡淡的说,小儿已胜敌,也可以在客人走后在门槛上卡跟头。

回答3:

标新立异,特例独行

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