金矿地质

2025-04-06 04:50:56
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

在金矿地质方面,近来研究不少。最近两三年,一些重要期刊出了关于变质带金矿床、金与热液系统等的专辑。关于浅成(低温)热液金(银)矿床和斑岩金(铜)矿床的文章也不少。2004年G.Corbett发表了有关它们的地质模式和勘查意义的讲演和文章。他把浅成热液金矿划分为低硫化浅成热液金矿和高硫化浅成热液金银铜矿床两大类。前者硫化物较少。这与侵入源岩有关。属于低硫化矿床的,在较浅部形成的有冰长石-绢云母型浅成热液金银石英脉矿床,或一般的浅成热液石英脉金银矿床,往深一些有碳酸盐-贱金属金矿床(包括安第斯地区多金属金银矿脉),R.H.西利托和J.W.赫登奎斯特2003年提出的“中硫化”浅成热液矿床部分相当此组合。再深一些为石英-硫化物金(±铜)矿床(图2-4)。此外,近年国外矿床地质学界和勘查界已有越来越多的人接受了十几年前提出的铁氧化物铜金(铀稀土)型热液矿床(IOCG型)的意见。有关IOCG型铜金矿床以及斑岩铜金矿床的勘查见前面“铜”一节的叙述。在金矿化类型方面,2002年还提出了一种新的类型——红层型金矿床。这是在波兰西南部卢宾-谢罗谢维采地区的波尔科维采-谢罗谢维采矿山二叠系铜页岩铜银矿体下发现的。它产在蔡希斯坦统底部沉积岩的次生红色剖面中,以及在“白底板”砂岩的最上部,接近次生氧化还原界面的部位。金(铂族金属)矿化产在平均厚0.22米的岩石中,平均含金2.25克/吨、铂0.138克/吨、钯0.082克/吨,直接位于铜矿石层之下。含金(铂族金属)层与铜矿层间有一过渡带(铜<0.2%,金>0.5×10-6)。关于世界最大含金盆地南非维特瓦特斯兰德盆地金矿的成因,仍有争议。目前古砂矿说占优势,但仍有人持热液说观点。热液作用现象确有存在,但持古砂矿说观点者认为热液是岩石变质引起的,金仍来自砂矿,无外来金来源证据。有人对兰德的金进行了Re-Os法年龄测定,得出其约为30亿年,认为该矿床的金来自地幔,沉积在比它年轻的约为27.5亿年的变质石英砾岩中。关于古砂矿形成时的古大气圈成分,是有氧还是缺氧,也各有论据。

图2-4 高硫化和低硫化低温热液金矿床流体产生的概念模型

关于美国内华达州卡林型金矿的含金热液的金来源一直存在争议。2005年经济地质学家学会讨论会上,一派仍认为地下水渗滤而淋溶出地壳上部岩石中的金,受始新世岩浆作用加热,地下水对流上升,在浅部沉淀出金,这一派可称为“冲洗论者”。许多卡林型矿床早期的氧、氢同位素数据与矿石中的石英和粘土是由地下水形成的看法相符合的。另一派是“岩浆论者”,他们认为金主要是来源于岩浆,认为许多金及水和硫在地壳上部由始新世岩浆作用的岩浆中出溶,这些热液与在当地对流的地下水混合,在距侵入体数公里范围内在碳酸盐质围岩中沉淀出金。他们提出最近用离子探针分析大大提高了对此类极细粒矿石的认识。在这种分析中,石英、粘土和黄铁矿样品表明,氧、氢和硫同位素特征是与来源于岩浆的水和硫相符的。在讨论会上,反岩浆论者则指出,世界上最大的一些与侵入岩有关的铜金矿床相伴的地表热液蚀变区的面积,比内华达与卡林型矿床有关的地表蚀变区的面积小得不可同日而语,而且他们认为卡林型矿床没有侵入体周围存在的那种与温度变化有关的矿物的特征性分带现象。这种争论与找矿有关。岩浆论者会通过寻找进入碳酸盐质岩石的与侵入体有关的含金热液,在内华达州以外去找卡林型矿床,而“冲洗论者”则认为卡林型矿床是内华达州复杂的地质历史的独特产物,要寻找具备这种复杂的地质条件组合的地区谈何容易,因而实际上会导致基本只能继续在该州勘查此类矿床。

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