飞机为什么往哪边满舵就会往哪边翻滚?

2025-04-05 16:41:23
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:




关于翻滚的问题:


副翼是飞机上用于控制滚转运动的部件和方法中最常见的一种。当飞行员向飞机的某一侧压动操纵杆,
这一侧的副翼向上偏,而另一侧的副翼向下偏。向下偏的副翼会增加机翼的弯度,从而增加升力;向上偏的副翼会破坏机翼上表面的气流,从而降低升力。如此在两
侧机翼产生的升力差就会使飞机产生滚转力矩,令飞机向飞行员压杆的方向滚转。为了增加这个滚转力矩,副翼大多布置在靠近机翼翼尖的位置。


若副翼的效率不够,也可以在副翼上偏的一侧机翼,启动扰流板来增加副翼的效率。而在战斗机上,也可以使用差动平尾在高速时进行额外补偿。使用差动平尾时,平尾的差动范围约±10°。


但是,副翼多是布置在机翼翼尖的位置,以提高效率。但这也可能导致一些麻烦。机翼不是刚体,在受力的时候,难免会有一些形变。对于后掠翼的机翼来说,机翼
的气动中心位于机翼的刚心之后。当副翼向下偏转而增加升力的时候,机翼会沿着刚心向下扭转。这样的扭转之后,机翼的迎角也就降低了,于是原本期望在这一侧
增大的升力反而降低。这种现象会导致副翼的效率下降。在高速飞行时甚至会导致副翼的舵效和操纵者期望的相反。这种状况被称为副翼反操纵。


因为副翼反操纵是强度不足造成的,增强副翼处机翼的强度是最直接的解决方法。但更彻底的方法还是改变副翼的结构。对于高速飞行器,常把副翼分为内外两段。低速飞行的时候使用外侧副翼,高速飞行时使用内侧副翼。若是飞行速度再提高,机翼上的副翼也会停止动作,而使用差动平尾来实现滚转运动。


对于前掠翼飞行器,因为机翼的气动中心位于机翼的刚心之前,因此不会有副翼反操纵的困扰。而三角翼飞行器因为机翼的强度非常高,同样也不会有此问题。





关于转弯和座舱控制:
驾驶舱操控装置一般为如下形式:


控制杆——或者一个控制曲柄,固连在一根圆柱上,通过操纵副翼和升降舵控制飞机的滚转和俯仰,也有方向盘式的。


方向舵踏板——控制垂直尾翼,控制飞机的偏航。


垂尾可以改变飞机的指向,但不用来转向,垂尾主要是用来维持偏航稳定性的。


常规平面翼的飞机在左右转弯时一般不会用垂直尾翼来实现,都是先压动操纵杆,横滚到一定的角度,然后拉控制杆,通过斜向升力的向心水平分量实现转弯,实际上是飞机左右斜着,做一个爬升。即转弯是靠横滚和拉起来实现的,需要注意的是,升力在垂直向上方向的分量必须和重力相抵,否则就会掉高度。

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