胡塞尔的现象学 和黑格尔的现象学究竟有没有本质区别

2025-04-03 14:45:59
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

胡塞尔的现象学(Husserl‘S Phenomenology)由德国哲学家E.胡塞尔倡导的一种哲学流派.胡塞尔现象学是在德国心理学家F.布伦塔诺意动心理哲学的影响下创立的.布伦塔诺认为心理行为的意识与该行为对象的意识是同一现象,胡塞尔则认为两者有区别,意识经验的内容既不是主体也不是客体,而是与两者相关的意动结构.“现象学”一词可上溯至18世纪法国哲学家兰伯尔和德国古典学家黑格尔的著作,但其含义均与胡塞尔的用法不同.胡塞尔赋予“现象”的特殊含义,是指意识界种种经验类的“本质”,这种本质现象是前逻辑的和前因果性的,它是现象学还原法的结果.现象学不是一套内容固定的学说,而是一种通过直接的认识描述现象的研究方法.现象学所说的“现象”不是客观事物的表象,它既非客观存在的经验的事实,也非马赫主义的“感觉材料”,而是一种不同于任何心理经验的、“纯粹意识内的存有”.胡塞尔认为,经验事实是模糊的靠不住的.当人们从不同角度来看同一立方体时,所获得的是关于这一立方体的不同外观.按照“自然观点”,我们会认为这些知觉都是那个立方体的种种外观,但他却说,必须摆脱这种非反省的、常识的看法,因为知觉并不能以其连续的侧面图形告诉人们本然的真实性.所以他认为应当中止对这样一种客体存在的信念,而通过凝神于具体现象,直观其本质.这种暂时“中止”对客体存在的信念的态度和方法,就被称作“现象学还原”,即从感觉经验返回纯粹现象之意.这种做法又可叫作“悬搁”,或把外间世界“加括号”,使其失去作用.具体来说,就是主体先把立方体看作不存在,以便能专注于自身的经验和对这些经验的体验.胡塞尔的现象学来自布伦塔诺有关意识行动的意动性问题.他批评现象主义把现象只看作类似于影片上的影像系列.实际上,现象流有一种“意动结构”,有其“深度”,在透明的意识的直接材料背后有其意动性核心.因而,在他看来,意动性也不如布伦塔诺所说的只是“客体指向性”,意动的参照体是一复合结构,意动性客体是全部参照体的轴心,此客体的身份与参照它的种种方式一致,如知觉、思想、怀疑等.此外,意动性具有同一核心.同一客体的每一个方面,都与形成其“边缘域”的相关方面有参照关系.如一正面头像总会关涉到侧面像,而且也模糊地涉及背面像,就是说正面像会引起我们对进一步经验的合法的预期.胡塞尔运用还原法向始源深掘,他没有在意动性意识的现象本质处止住,而是进一步向“主观深处”走去.这样,现象学就达到了遭致广泛非议的“先验性还原”阶段.在这一阶段,胡塞尔用加括号的方式把一切经验性因素排除在考虑之外,最后留下的部分叫做“现象学剩余”.它包括:自我、我思和我思对象.这三部分组成了胡塞尔称作绝对的,必然的或纯粹的意识领域.他说过,“我”也正如立方体的外观一样,可以被体验或被看作是现象学还原的结果.这个“我”是心理自我本位,仍然属于经验范围.此外,还有一个隐蔽的我(我自己),它是先验的自我本位,这才是全部还原过程的最终产物.头两步还原是使人们从事实的经验普遍性向本质普遍性的推移,“先验性还原”则是从现象中根本排除事实性.在胡塞尔看来,唯有还原作为一切意义的基础和意识构成基础的先验自我,才能领悟意义的产生以及“意义如何以意义为基础”.构成作用是胡塞尔现象学一个中心概念,构成不只是一个客体的静态结构,而且是一个客体被构成的动态过程.当他追溯构成作用时,最后进入了关于时间意识的研究领域.他认为,时间意识的构成就是通过先验自我在“时间作用”的过程中积极而又隐蔽的时间流的原始构成.经过这么一番解释,一切意识中的其他构成就都被说成是从作为“最终生产性根源”的先验自我中导引出来的.

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