英语倒装句

倒装句就是将正常的陈述语序加以变化，主要作用是强调被提前的部分
倒装句可分为全部倒装和部分倒装两种：
一、全部倒装
谓语动词提前至主语之前为全部倒装，如：
Out came his guest.
On the hill stood a little cottage that contained heaps of hay.
There lived an elderly lady whose husband died long ago.
二、部分倒装
助动词或情态动词提至主语之前，谓语动词位置不变，即为部分倒装，如：
Neither could he see through your plan.
So little did I know about him that I was easily taken in by his words.
Doesn't her invitation appeal to you?
第一节 否定词提前倒装
否定词用于句首时，句子应进行部分倒装
否定词常用的有：
Not only…(but also), 　　　　　　　Not until(直到…..才),
No sooner….(than)(一…..就) Never/ Rarely/Seldom
Hardly/Scarcely… (when) Few/Little
Neither/Nor (也不)　　　　　　　 Nwhere
At no time　　　　　　　 Under no circumstances(决不)
On no account (决不)　　　　　　　In no way
其中not only, no sooner, hardly, scarcely 分别和but (also), than, when搭配使用，需注意：后一组词之后的部分不进行倒装，只有否定词之后的部分倒装
如：Hardly had I arrived home when it began to rain.
Not only was he able to enter the final round of the contest, but he came out first as well.
No sooner had I got any chance to speak than the clerk slammed the door in my face.
Seldom does he travel about.
Under no circumstances should you betray your own country.
此类倒装句一般出现在填空题中，需填入的是倒装部分，只要在句首见到上述的词，就应条件反射的想到用倒装句
例题：
(1)
---- was the first fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid.
(A) Not until 1866
(B) Until 1866, just
(C) Until 1866
(D) In 1866, not until

答案：A
解释：由被动式was laid被名词短语分割开可知, 此句是个部分倒装句, 选项中只有A否定词提前可引导倒装句, 1866应是until的宾语, 故D不对; 此句正常语序应为: The first fully successful transatlantic cable was not finally laid until 1866.

(2)
Not until 1931 ---- the official anthem of the United States.
(A) “The Star-spangled Banner” did become
(B) when “The Star-spangled Banner” became
(C) did “The Star-spangled Banner” become
(D) became “The Star-spangled Banner”

答案：C
解释：否定词not放在句首引起部分倒装，只有C符合倒装语序

第二节 介词、分词词组提前倒装
当句子没有宾语，且主语偏长时，往往将句中作状语的介词短语或作表语的形容词短语或作表语的分词短语提至句首，引起主谓的全部倒装
如：In the middle of the river floated the cluster of plants that she had cast.
Characteristic of an anarchist was her strong opposition to the government, which she had blamed for all the social injustices.
Lying on the grassland is a pretty girl in her early twenties.

例题：
(1)
Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent ----, or pronghorn.
(A) it is the American antelope
(B) the American antelope is
(C) is the American antelope
(D) the American antelope

答案：C
解释：此句为形容词短语be typical of作表语前置引起的完全倒装句, 空白处缺少的实为倒装的主语和谓语动词, A B未倒装, 可首先排除; D无动词, 也可排除. 此句正常语序应为: The American antelope, or pronghorn, is typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent.

(2)
The glaciers that reached the Pacific Coast were valley glaciers, and between those tongues of ice ----that allowed the original forests to survive.
(A) that many sanctuaries were
(B) were many sanctuaries
(C) were there many sanctuaries
(D) there the many sanctuaries

答案：B
解释：and是并列句的连接词，逗号前是分句一，and后是分句二. 因分句二中between引导的介词短语提前，空格处需要分句二倒装的主谓语，D无谓语，可先排除；A使原句只有从句无主句; C中there是多余的，只能选B
第三节 副词提前倒装
副词提至句首引起倒装，可分以下几种情况：
1. only + 副词(when, before, if, after等)
或only+介词状语(由in, under, by, on, after等引导)提前，必须部分倒装
如：Only then did he realize how stupid he had been.
Only after entering the store did Arthur realize that there was danger.
Only in the library can she concentrate on her study.

2. often, such, so等副词提前，部分倒装
如: So diligently did he work that he got hight scores on the final exam.
=He worked so diligently that he got hight scores on the final exam.
Such was his wish that the world would stay away from war forever.
Often did we go on a holiday in hot summer.
注意，so的另一种倒装是表示“也…”
California relies heavily on income from crops, and so does Florida.
加利福尼亚过多的依赖于来自农作物的收入，佛罗里达也是这样
　　　
同理，体会一下neither, nor的倒装
He can't dance, neither/nor can I.= I can't, either.
他不会跳舞，我也不会。
　　　
3. in, out, down, up, away, off, here, there, over等副词提前，全部倒装
如：Off got the staggering gentlemen.
Here are the photos I took at the seaside.

例题：
(1)
　As inevitably as human culture has changed with the passing of time, so does the
　　　　　　　　　　A　　　　　　B　　　　　C　　　　　　　　D
　environment.

答案：D
应改为：has
解释：逗号后是副词so引起的倒装句，表示同前者相同，倒装的助动词应与前一句一致，也用has

(2)
Only outside the Earth's atmosphere ---- to attain extremely high velocities.
(A) to be safe for a space vessel
(B) is it safe for a space vessel
(C) for a space vessel to be safe
(D) a space vessel to be safe

答案：B
解释：副词only引导状语放在句首时，句子需要部分倒装，只有B符合题意
第四节 疑问倒装
疑问句需部分倒装语序，由于经常用到不会成为考试的难点。
如：What part did he play in Hamlet?
Do you prefer tea or coffee?

例题：
(1)
Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986, how many people----long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.
(A) will they live
(B) they will be living
(C) will live
(D) living

答案：C
解释：此句是how many 引导的疑问句, 缺少倒装的谓语部分, 但因主语people已出现在句首疑问词之后, 不需要再进行主谓倒装. A B 中的they是people的重复, 没有必要; D 不能单独作谓语

倒装句分为全倒装和部分倒装两种类型。

英语句子使用的目的，可分为四大类：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。这四大类型句子都有可能出现倒装句。浅析如下：

一、疑问句中出现的倒装句

1. 特殊疑问句中

（1）What is this?（全倒装）

（2）Which do you want?（部分倒装）

2. 一般疑问句

（1）Do you study English every day?（部分倒装）

（2）May I come in?

（3）Are you going to be a teacher?

特殊疑问句中，如果疑问词做主语或疑问词修饰主语时，句子不用倒装，即用陈述语序。例如：Who did it yesterday? Which guy can do this work?

一般疑问句中，常把助动词或情态动词放在句首，即位于主语前，而构成部分倒装。

二、感叹句中出现倒装句

1. What引导的感叹句

（1）What a happy life we have had！(宾语在主语前面)

（2）What a fine day it is!（表语在主语前面）

（3）What a shining example Comrade Lei Feng has set us!

2. How引导的感叹句

（1）How happy we are!（表语在前面）

（2）How hard they are working!（状语在前面）

（3）How nice a day it is!

3. 副词引导词引导的感叹句

（1）There comes the bus!

（2）In come the students!

（3）Off goes the worker!

What或how 引导的句子，主谓也有不倒装的。

What所强调的重点是名词，这一名词一般是表语或宾语，有时所强调的名词可能是主语。例如：What enormous crowd came!（《当代英语语法》中册P87）。What也可单独使用。例句：What she suffered in the old days!（《英语分类句型》P90）

How修饰形容词、副词或动词。有时how many的搭配也可修饰名词。For how many years have I waited! 该短语作状语。（《当代英语语法》）

副词引导词位于句首，一方面为了强调，另一方面使情景生动。主语是名词时，主谓倒装；如果主语是人称代词，主谓不倒装。例如：Away he went to the station!

三、祈使句中出现的倒装

1. Long live the king! （《最新实用英汉辞典》P769）

2. Long live the People’s Republic of China!

3. May you succeed! 祝你成功！

Long may he live! 愿他长命百岁！（《英华大辞典》P780）

4. Don’t you open the door. Don’t anyone open the door.（《当代英语语法》中册P85）

祈使句一般无主语，有时也有主语出现。祈使句的主语要重读，代词也要重读（陈述句的主语一般不重读）。祈使句常用句号。表示一种强烈感情时，句子用感叹号。

四、陈述句中出现的几种倒装句

1. 主谓倒装

（1）Long long ago, there was a war between the birds and the beasts.

（2）Once upon a time there were six blind men in India.

（3）“Come along, then.” said the bird.

（4）...but toward the end there came the terrible storm...

2. 表语倒装

（1）Such was Albert Einstein，a simple man of great achievements.（全倒装句）

（2）Inside the pyramids are the rooms for the bodies of kings and queens.

（3）A very reliable person he is.（主语是人称代词时，主谓不倒装）（《英语分类句型》P400）

3. 宾语倒装

（1）Many happy hours she had spent planning for something nice for him.

（2）Twenty-one dollars they took for it.

（3）Not a single mistake did he make.

（4）Only a dictionary he never forgets to bring here.

宾语在前时，多数属于强调部分，句子一般不加助动词，偶尔也有助动词出现，如例句（3）。

五、复合句中的倒装

（1）I take back what I said.

（2）...and the ship would have sunk with all board had it not been for the captain.（要是没有那位船长，就会连船带人都沉没了。）

（3）Were I you，I would go with him.

（4）Proud as these nobles are，he is afraid to see me.

（5）Not only was everything that he had taken away from him，but also his German citizenship.

（6）Hardly (Scarcely)had he sat down when the telephone rang.

（7）The harder you work, the greater will be your achievement.

六、其他倒装

陈述句中为了保持句子平衡或为了强调表语、宾语、状语等成分，或使上下文紧密衔接时，使用倒装句。

（1）On the wall is a blackboard on which were written some words，“It is no use sitting here without listening to me.”（定语从句中，主语的同位语太长）

（2）They entered the classroom，in front of which sat a naughty boy.（使上下文紧密衔接）

（3）Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people were looked down upon by the foreigners.（主语加上定语后太长而表语短，所以表语在前面，强调句子平衡）

英语倒装句用法浅析
倒装(Inversion)是一种语法手段,用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。英语的最基本结构是主、谓结构,倒装就是将这种比较固定的结构加以颠倒。

倒装有两种:将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装(Complete Inversion)。如:In came a man with a white beard.

只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。如:Only once was John late to class.

英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。下面本文就拟从其修辞功能谈谈倒装句的用法。

一、 表示强调:

倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,其表现形式如下:

1. only +状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装。

例1:Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。

例2:Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。

2. not, little, hardly, scarcely, no more, no longer, in no way, never, seldom, not only, no sooner等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。

例1: No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 我刚到家就下起了雨。

例2: Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽车上班。

3. so / such...that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分。

例1:So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。

例2:To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的彩排进行得那么长,以致于那两个演员都走出去了。

以上各例都用倒装语序突出了句首成分,其语气较自然语序强烈,因而具有极佳的修辞效果。

二、 承上启下

有时倒装可把前一句说到的人或物,或与前一句有联系的人或物在下一句紧接着先说出来,从而使前后两句在意思上的关系更加清楚,衔接更加紧密,起到承上启下的作用。

例1: They broke into her uncle's bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake. 他们破门进入她叔叔的卧室,发现他躺在地板上死了。一条棕褐色的蛇缠在他头上。

例2: We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。

三、 制造悬念,渲染气氛

在新闻或文学创作中,有时为了内容的需要,或是为了强调,作者常常运用倒装来制造悬念,渲染气氛。如:

Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting. 墙上挂着一幅精美的图画。

再如朗费罗(Longfellow)《雪花》中的一节:

Out of the bosom of the Air,

Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,

Over the woodlands brown and bare,

Over the harvest-fields forsaken,

Silent, and soft, and slow,

Descends the snow.

在这一节诗里 ,诗人就富有创意地运用了倒装。在前五行中 ,诗人堆砌了七个状语,状语连续出现而主语和谓语却迟迟未露 ,造成一种悬念效应。全节读罢 ,读者才对诗歌的主题恍然大悟 ,因而收到了不同凡响的艺术效果。

四、 平衡结构

英语修辞的一个重要原则是尾重原则,即把句子最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在语言使用中为了避免产生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句子,我们常采用倒装语序。

1. 以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时,为了使句子平衡,常将状语置于句首,句子用完全倒装语序。

例1:A. To the coal mine came a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.

B. A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.

一个连队的解放军战士来到了那座煤矿,奉司令部之命解救受困的矿工。

例2:A. On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities.

B. Some air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities.

地上放着一些空调,等着用船运到其他城市去。

从例句中可看出, 采用倒装语序的A句结构平衡稳妥 ,读起来自然流畅,而采用自然语序的B句结构零乱, 读起来也别扭。因而,在主语较长时就应采用倒装语序以取得理想的表达效果。

2. 以表语开头的句子:有时为了把较长的主语放在后面,须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。如:

Such would be our home in the future. 我们将来的家就是这个样子。

3. 以副词here , there开头的句子,也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。如:

Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在这儿。

五、 使描写生动

有时为了使叙述或描绘更加生动形象,增加语言效果,可将表示方向的副词(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或拟声词(bang, crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒装的语序(主语为人称代词的句子除外)。如:

Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一声火箭就飞上天了。

Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. 当警察把手枪瞄准那个罪犯时,嘭地一下他就从三楼跳了下去。

Boom went the cannon! 轰隆一声大炮开火了!

Bang came another shot!砰!又是一声枪响!

以上句子简洁明快 ,生动逼真地描述了有关动作 ,令我们一览此类倒装的风采。但这种倒装句的修辞功能在语段中可以体现得更为清楚。

“Stop thief! Stop thief!” There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, ... Away they run, pell—mell, helter—skelter, yelling—screaming, ...

“Stop thief ! Stop thief !” The cry is taking by a hundred voices, ... Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens )

作者在第一段和第二段中分别用副词away, up和out位于句首引出四个倒装句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。从而制造出一种紧张、急促的气氛 ,生动地刻画了一个紧张、混乱的捉贼场面。

倒装是英语中一个重要的修辞手段。倒装句的使用丰富了我们的语言表达,了解并掌握倒装句各种句式的用法 , 不仅会提高我们对英语语言的欣赏能力 , 对英语表达能力的提高也将大有裨益。因此,写作中适当用一些倒装句式定会使文章表达更生动、有力。

可参考下面的说法
在英语中，我们把主语在前谓语动词在后的句子叫陈述句，把谓语动词放在主语前面的句子叫倒装句。如果全部谓语放在主语之前，叫完全倒装；如果只把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前就叫部分倒装。
　　　　I. 完全倒装
　　　　1. 用于 there be 句型。
　　　　例如： There are some students in the classroom.
　　　　教室里有几位学生。
　　　　There is a tall tree in front of the classroom.
　　　　教室的前面有一棵大树。
　　　　2. 用于“ here （ there， now， then ）＋不及物动词＋主语”的句型中，或以 in， out， up， down， away 等副词开头的句子里，以表示强调。
　　　　例如： Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。
　　　　There goes the bell. 铃响了。
　　　　Now comes your turn. 现在轮到你了。
　　　　Out went the children. 孩子们出去了。
　　　　注意：
　　　　（ 1 ）主语是代词时，主语和谓语不倒装。
　　　　（ 2 ） here ， there 放在句首通常用一般现在时。
　　　　Here it is. 给你。（你要的东西在这儿。）
　　　　Here he comes. 他来了。
　　　　3. 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，也常将其全部倒装。
　　　　例如： South of the city lies a big steel factory.
　　　　城市南边有一家大型钢厂。
　　　　From the valley came a frightening sound.
　　　　从山谷里传来了可怕的声音。
　　　　4. 表语置于句首时，倒装结构为“表语＋连系动词＋主语”：
　　　　（ 1 ）形容词＋连系动词＋主语
　　　　Present at the meeting were Mr Li， Mr Wang and many other teachers.
　　　　出席会议的有李老师、王老师和其他很多老师。
　　　　（ 2 ）过去分词＋连系动词＋主语
　　　　Gone are the days when we used foreign oil.
　　　　我们使用洋油的日子一去不复返了。
　　　　（ 3 ）介词短语＋ be ＋主语
　　　　Among the goods are books， exercise-books， pens and some other things.
　　　　在所有的货物中有书、练习册、钢笔和其他东西。
　　　　5. 用于 so， neither ， nor 开头的句子，表示重复前句的部分内容。原句的谓语应与前句的谓语的时态、形式相一致。
　　　　例如： He has been to Canada. So have I.
　　　　他去过加拿大，我也去过。
　　　　You can't speak French. Neither can she.
　　　　你不会说法语，她也不会。
　　　　6. 为了保持句子平衡，或为了强调表语或状语，或是上下文紧密衔接时。
　　　　例如： They arrived at a small village， in front of which was a big river.
　　　　他们来到一个小村庄，村庄前面是条大河。
　　　　Inside the pyramids are the burial rooms for the kings and queens.
　　　　在金字塔里面有埋葬国王和王后的墓室。
　　　　II. 部分倒装
　　　　1. 用于疑问句。
　　　　例如： Do they work in the factory？
　　　　他们在这家工厂上班吗？
　　　　2. 用于省略的虚拟条件状语从句。
　　　　例如： Had I seen him yesterday wouldn't go to his house now.
　　　　如果我昨天见到他了，我现在就不去他家了。
　　　　3. 用于“形容词（或名词、动词） +as （ though ）”引导的让步状语从句中。例如： Young as he is ， he knows a lot.
　　　　他虽然很年轻，但知道很多。
　　　　Try as he would， he might failed again.
　　　　他虽然可以试试，可能还会失败。
　　　　注意：如果从句的表语是名词，其名词前无形容词时，不用冠词；若有形容词要用冠词。
　　　　Child as he was， he had to make a living.
　　　　他虽是个孩子，但得糊口。
　　　　A bad -tempered man as Mr Chen is， he loves us deeply.
　　　　陈老师脾气不好，但他深深地爱着我们。
　　　　4. 用于 no sooner … than … ， hardly … when 和 not until 等句型。
　　　　例如： No sooner had I come in， the telephone rang.
　　　　我刚进屋，电话铃就响了。
　　　　Not until 12 did he go to sleep.
　　　　直到 12 点他才入睡。
　　　　5. 用于 never， hardly ， seldom， scarcely， barely， little， at no time， not only 等开头的句子。
　　　　Never shall I do this again. 我绝不会再做此事。
　　　　Seldom does he come late. 他很少迟到。
　　　　6. 用于“ only ＋状语”开头的句子。
　　　　Only in the way can we learn English well.
　　　　只有这样我们才能学好英语。
　　　　Only then did he know he was wrong.
　　　　直到那时他才知道他错了。
　　　　7. 用于“ so ＋形容词 / 副词”放在句首的 so … that 句子。
　　　　例如： So young is the boy that he can't join the army.
　　　　这孩子没到参军的年龄。
　　　　So fast is he running that he can keep up with the bike.
　　　　他跑得快得能跟上自行车。

1. “某些副词+不及物动词+主语”的句式，需要全部倒装。常用的副词主要有：here , there , now , then , out , in , down , up , away 等，表示强调。主语是代词时，不必倒装。 Out rushed the boy . Down came the brown wave . 2. 表示方位的短语放在句首，后面一般使用倒装语序。 West of the lake lies the famous city . 3. There be + 主语+地点。其中动词be也可以是其他词，如lie，stand等。 There are many different kinds of mooncakes on the table . There in Greece lived a famous thinker , named Aristotle . 4. 如果直接引语后注明是什么人说的，而且主语是名词时，需要完全倒装；主语是代词时，一般不用倒装。 “Let”s go ! ”said the captain . “Take off your boots !” ordered the guard . 5. 为了保持句子平衡，或为了强调表语或状语，或使上下文紧密衔接时。 They arrived at an old church , in front of which stood a big crowd of people . 6. 用于so开头的句子，表示重复前面相同的内容，意为“也怎么样”。另外，在结果状语从句句型so …that …中，如果强调so…放在句首，主句需要部分倒装。 I often go out for a walk after supper . So does she . 我经常在晚饭后出去散步，她也这样。 So excited was she at the news that she couldn”t say a word .听到这个消息，她是如此激动，以致于一句话也说不出来。 7. 用于nor , neither 开头的句子，表示重复前面相同的内容，“也不怎么样”。 Li Lei can”t answer the question . Neither can I . If you don”t wait for him , nor shall I . 8. only放在句首，强调状语（副词，介词短语或状语从句等），全句语序要部分倒装。 Only in this way can we get in touch with them . Only because he was ill was he absent from school . 注意：only放在句首，强调主语时，语序不必倒装。 Only Mr Wang knows about it . 9. 带有否定意义的词放在句首，语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly … when , no sooner …than ……等。 Little did I think he is a spy . 我一点也没想到他是一个间谍。 Hardly had I reached home when it began to rain . No sooner had I entered the room than the phone rang . 10. 在虚拟语气中，倒装代替条件。 Should he be here next week , he would help us with the problem . Were there no light , we could see nothing . 11. 用于某些表示祝愿的句子。 May you succeed ! 祝你成功！ Long live France ! 法兰西万岁！