宋史 列传第一百九十三 陈傅良传 翻译

2025-02-28 14:01:45
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

陈傅良字君举,温州瑞安人。他年轻时对呆板的科举考试不以为然,因此总是别出心裁地写作文章,自成一家,人们对他的文章争相传诵,大加赞赏,从者如云,陈傅良以文章出名。当时,永嘉县的郑伯熊、薛季宣皆以学识著称于世,特别是郑伯熊对古人的经制治法有很深的研究。陈傅良拜此二人为师,而从薛季宣处学得更多的东西。后来,陈傅良进入太学学习,与广汉张木式、东莱吕祖谦结为知己。陈傅良从吕祖谦那里了解到更多的本朝文献相承条序,而从张木式那里获得了主敬集义之功。从此,四方受业于陈傅良的人越来越多。

  陈傅良登进士甲科后,教授于泰州。参知政事龚茂良欣赏他的才华,将他荐举给朝廷,陈傅良遂改任太学录。后出朝通判福州。丞相梁克家领帅事,委成于陈傅良,傅良平一府曲直,完全以义而行,强御者不得售其私,阴结言官者论罢之。

  后五年,陈傅良起知桂阳军。光宗即位后,迁提举常平茶盐、转运判官。湖湘之民无后,不得已以异姓作为自己的后嗣,然官府居然对其征收未成年税。陈傅良说:“绝人嗣,非政也。”于是复之近二千家。不久,陈傅良转为浙西提点刑狱。之后,被拜为吏部员外郎,离朝十四年,至此而还朝,须发皆花白,城中之人聚而观之,发出阵阵嗟叹,号之“老陈郎中”。

  陈傅良为学,从三代、秦、汉以下莫不加以研究,而且对一事一物莫不穷究到底才罢休。对太祖开基之本原尤为潜心。陈傅良在接受皇帝咨询时说“:太祖皇帝造福后人,以爱惜民力为本。熙宁(1068~1077)以来,用事者始取消太祖约束,一切变改之。诸路上供的岁额,较之祥符年间(1008~1016)增加了一倍,崇宁(1102~1106)年间重修上供之格,颁之于天下,更增至十几倍。其他杂敛,则熙宁以常平宽剩、禁军缺额之类别项封桩,而无额上供始于元丰(1078~1085),经制之法始于宣和(1119~1125),总制,月桩起于绍兴(1131~1162),皆至今为额,折帛,和贾之类不算在内。卖茶凭证尽归于都茶场,盐钞尽归于榷货务。秋苗斗斛十之八九归于纲运,其皆不在州县。州县自然无以上供,无以上供便豪夺巧取于百姓,于是,取之斛面、折变、科敷、抑配、赃罚,致使百姓极为困苦。方今之患,岂只在四夷?不尊天命,不宽民力,其结果更可畏。陛下应当以救民穷为己任,推行太祖未泯之恩泽,以造万世无疆之福。”

  陈傅良还说:“今天下之力竭于养兵,而莫甚于江上之军。都统司称为御前军马,即便是朝廷也不得而知;总领所称为大军钱粮,即便是负责纠察的曹官也不得参与。于是富中富外之势分,而事权不统一,施行无专管,虽欲宽缓民力,而不知怎么做。如果使都统司之兵与原来在制置司时一样,总领所钱粮与原来在转运司时一样,则内外为一体。内外一体,则宽缓民力可得而议之。”皇上从容嘉纳了陈傅良的建议,并对他说:“你过去在哪里?朕已经很长时间没有见到你了。将你所著之书呈朕一读。”陈傅良退而将自己所著的《周礼说》十三篇献给皇上,升为秘书省少监兼实录院检讨官、嘉王府赞读。

  绍熙三年(1192),陈傅良拜为起居舍人。第二年,兼权中书舍人。起初,光宗之妃黄氏受宠,李皇后妒而杀了黄氏,光宗听到了这个不幸的消息,加之参加郊祀时受了大风雨,遂因震惊恐惧而得了心病,从此不关心朝事,也不常阅章疏了。陈傅良为此上奏说“:一国之势好比一个人的身体,壅阻压抑就容易导致疾病。今日迁延某事,明天阻节某人,就会有奸险趁机而发,这样一来,内外之情不相通,威福之权柄下落,发展到极点,就会不知天变,不闻边警,不测灾祸了。”光宗有所感悟,正逢疾病好转,光宗来到了重华宫。但到了第二年的重明节,光宗又称疾不往重华宫,丞相以下至于太学诸生皆上书劝谏,光宗不听;此时正召内侍陈源为内侍省押班,陈傅良不愿起草命书,且上疏说:“陛下不赴重华宫的原因,就是误有所疑而积忧成疾,以至于此。我曾就陛下之心反复论之,自认为恳切,陛下亦有所感悟。然不久又变卦,以误为真,而开无端之衅;以疑为实,而成不治之疾。这是陛下自贻之祸。”光宗见奏后,准备听从傅良的意见,百官排立,等候皇帝出来。光宗刚走到屏风处,皇后就拉着他往回走,陈傅良见此情景,马上趋步向前拖住皇上的衣裾,不让皇上离开,遭到皇后的呵叱。陈傅良痛哭于廷,皇后更加恼怒。陈傅良无奈,下殿径自离开。当皇帝再下诏改陈傅良为秘书阁修撰仍兼赞读时,陈傅良坚辞不受。

  宁宗即位,召陈傅良为中书舍人兼侍读、直学士院、同实录院修撰。会诏朱熹与在外宫观,陈傅良说:“朱熹难进易退,内批之下,举朝惊愕,我不敢起草命书。”朱熹于是进宝文阁待制。御史中丞谢深甫论陈傅良言不顾行,陈傅良遂出朝提举兴国宫。第二年,监察官交相上疏指责陈傅良,陈傅良被削秩罢官。嘉泰二年(1202),陈傅良复官知泉州,辞不就。后被授集英殿修撰,进宝谟阁待制,在家中去世,终年六十七岁。谥号“文节”。

  陈傅良之著述有《诗解诂》、《周礼说》、《

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