蔬菜温室大棚建设冬季防寒的措施有哪些

2025-02-26 07:06:26
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

1.加强覆盖,保暖防冻。
温度是蔬菜生长的关键因素,菜农平时要关注天气预报,可根据天气情况,适时加盖薄膜和无防布。天气晴好时,注意通风换气,调节棚内温湿度;遇冷空气来临,棚门不要过早打开,要增加覆盖物,采用多层覆盖,在棚内搭建塑料中棚或小棚,并覆盖草帘、无纺布、遮阳网等,这样可使棚内温度大大提高,同时注意堵塞棚膜各处的缝隙,尽量减少缝隙散热。久阴乍晴或连续降雪后天气骤晴不能一次全部揭开,否则强光照射会导致蔬菜萎蔫。应逐步揭开草帘、无纺布或遮阳网等覆盖物,经过一段时间适应后再全部揭去。在冬季最好是选用紫光膜来覆盖,晴天大棚蔬菜要反复放风炼苗,让植株缓慢适应环境,健壮生长,预防冻害还须保持棚膜干净,增加薄膜透明度,增加光照,提高大棚温度。现阶段广大菜农还要提前加固大棚支架,棚膜压紧,压膜绳扣实扣严,防止大风大雪袭来时毁坏大棚。
2.施肥培土,提高土温。
利用晴天,用牛粪、猪粪或堆肥等暖性肥施于蔬菜根际处,即可提高土温2~3℃。同时,在封冻前结合中耕,把锄碎的泥土堆培于蔬菜根际处,既可疏松土壤,又可直接保护根系,中耕深度以7厘米~10厘米为宜。
3.清理沟渠,预防渍害。
在大棚四周要挖好沟系,保证 沟沟畅通,以便冬季雨雪后能及时排除田内畦沟和田外渠道里的积水,降低田间地下水位。雨雪天后,要及时清除大棚上与棚脚的积雪,防止积雪压塌大棚,同时清理沟渠,排除积水,防止积雪融化时吸收大量热量而降低棚内温度,以提高蔬菜根系活力。
4.控氮撒灰,提高抗寒能力。幼苗期切忌偏施氮肥,以免植株生长幼嫩,抗寒力差。
可在叶面上喷施0.2%磷酸二氢钾2~3次。在低温冻害来临前,在蔬菜地面上撒一层草木灰,既能防寒防冻,又能增加养分,还对蔬菜的根腐病有较好的防效。
5.灌水加温,提高棚温。
寒流侵袭前1~2天,趁天气晴朗进行浇灌。冬灌水要浇足、浇透,田间水最好当天能渗完,有条件的可采用地热线等加温措施来补充热能。
6.剪除病枝,及时防病。
冬季常伴连续阴雨、下雪和低温天气,棚内湿度较大,植株抵抗力弱,极易引起病害加重。我地大棚越冬蔬菜尤其要注意茄果类疫病、灰霉病的发生和蔓延。防治病害一是要及时清除棚内病株、病枝、病叶、病花、病果和受冻的枝叶;二是大棚内严格控制用水,降低棚内空气湿度,减少棚内蔬菜发病诱因,阴雨(雪)天用百菌清烟剂或速克灵烟剂进行熏蒸;三是抓住晴好天气,积极选用对口农药防治;四是结合病害防治,及时进行根外追肥,喷施磷酸二氢钾、爱多收等,提高植株抗性。
希望可以帮到你!

回答2:

一、增强防寒的设施
寒潮来袭,种植户们首要问题就是要加强保温,防止农作物冻害的发生,建议种植户们有条件的要第一时间加固大棚,防止大雪天气出现坍塌现象,要及时检查草苫、塑料薄膜、保温被等保温设备,及时的更换老旧设备,确保保温效果。另外根据气温的情况可及时的采取增温及补光等措施,提高棚内温度。
二、加强农作物管理
雨雪降温天气,要少浇水,这个时候的温度很低,水温同样也是很低的,此时浇水会大大降低低温,极易造成农作物的冻害。
根据天气情况,在中午的时候可以适当的通风换气,可有效防止棚室内空气湿度过大的问题,另外确保大棚内的清洁,及时清除蔬菜残枯残体,防止病害发生。
低温天气禁止蔬菜的整枝,这个时候本身植株生长的就慢、而且抗病力也差。如果这个时候整枝,植株伤口就很容易在低温高湿环境下感染发病。所以这段时间要尽量减少整枝打叉。
三、及时的施肥提高蔬菜的抗寒能力
低温来临前,建议农户喷施抗专家+盛丽叶1-2次,以提高抗寒力;
泼施稀薄人畜粪水肥400-500公斤/亩,以减轻土壤的结冰程度,降低冻害;
在菜地厢间撒施火土灰或草木灰2500-5000公斤/亩,这样既防寒防冻,又起到增施钾肥的作用。

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