推荐回答(1个)
高能源价格刺激和能源安全的考虑使生物质能真正为各国政府高度重视。各国对发展生物质能源的主要考虑有不同的侧重,但两个主要原因相同,即能源替代和环境保护。
根据2007 世界可再生能源报告,全球生物乙醇产量从2005年的330 亿公升增长到2006 年的390 亿公升;其中,美国的产量为183 亿公升,增幅达22%,超过巴西。巴西的燃料乙醇消费量从2005 年的150 亿公升增长到2006 年的175 亿公升,燃料乙醇供应了非柴油机动车燃料的41%,巴西机动车中有70%左右采用“混合燃料”。欧盟的燃料乙醇产量增长迅速,2006 年增长了77.8%,但绝对数相对于巴西和美国仍然较少。
在我国现实的社会经济环境中,还存在一些消极因素制约着生物质能的发展和应用:
(1) 市场环境和保障机制不够完善。我国生物燃料乙醇发展缺乏明确的发展目标,没有形成连续稳定的市场需求,还处在“以产定销、计划供应”阶段。国内生物燃料乙醇从生产到销售的各个环节都受到了政府部门的严格控制,是政策性的封闭运行,尚未形成真正意义的市场化。
(2)资源评价、技术标准、产品检测和认证等体系不完善。我国于2001 午颁布了变性生物燃料乙醇(GB 183502—2001)和车用乙醇汽油(GB183512—2001)两项强制性国家标准,在技术内容上等效采用了美国试验与材料协会标准(ASTM),在现有标准的基础上及时制订不同生物质原料来源的生物燃料乙醇相关基础标准和工艺控制等标准就显得极为迫切。
(3)资源分散,收集手段落后,产业化进程缓慢,制约着生物质能源高新技术的规模化和商业化利用。集中发电和供热是国际上通行的高效清洁地利用生物质能源的主要技术方式。但是,这些技术需要具有一定的规模,才能产生经济效益。
(4)利用装备技术含量低,研发经费投入过少,一些关键技术研发进展不大。例如厌氧消化产气率低,设备与管理自动化程度较差;气化利用中焦油问题未能解决,影响长期应用;沼气发电与气化发电效率较低,二次污染问题没有彻底解决。
(5)缺乏专门扶持生物质能源发展,鼓励生产和消费生物质能源的政策。在当前缺乏一定的经济补助手段的条件下,难以实现生物质热电联产规模化,竞争能力弱。
(6)生物质能源与农业、林业在资源使用上不协调。能源作物已经开始成为不少国家生物质能源的主体。但是,我国土地资源短缺,存在能源作物和农业、林业争夺土地的矛盾。
(7)一些制约生物质能发电的问题逐渐显现出来。电价补贴标准低,使生物质发电项目一旦投入运营就面临亏损境地。《可再生能源法》明确指出,要制定激励可再生能源发展的税收及贷款优惠政策,然而关于生物质发电的相关退税政策至今尚未落实。

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