推荐回答(2个)
相传黄帝在征伐蚩尤的涿鹿之战中曾九战九不胜,后受元女之教,造“夔牛鼓”八十面,一震五百里,连震三千里,以鼓声“象雷霆”大壮军威,终于擒杀了蚩尤。在现存的文献中,关于鼓的传说很多,如《山海经·中山经》中有:“首山魁(神)也,其祠用徐……干舞,置鼓。”说明鼓是祀神“干舞”的伴奏乐器。《山海经·大荒东经》中载:“……以其皮为鼓,橛以雷兽之骨,声闻五百里,以威天下。”在这则神话中记述了鼓是皮面,用鼓棰擂它,声音远传,有威震天下之功能。
在乐器家族里,鼓可以说是最古老的乐器之一。在世界各地,几乎每个民族、部落都有本民族特色的鼓乐。铜鼓、木鼓、架子鼓、石鼓等几乎可以敲出声来的,都可以当做鼓。远在上古时代,我们勤劳的祖先在会说话唱歌的同时,就开始用鼓来表达自己的思想感情了。据传说,我们的祖先发现枯树干和实心树干有完全不同的声音,并且发现中空物里有音量增大的共鸣作用,于是便用空心树干蒙以兽皮和蟒皮做成了木鼓,供娱乐时敲打。到了汉朝,不仅有大小、形状、质地、装饰不同的鼓,而且民间出现了舞鼓乐。 在古代,鼓不仅是乐器,而且还是军中必备之物。《曹刿论战》中就有“一鼓作气,再而竭,三而衰”的名句。汉朝初年,守卫边疆的军队常用鼓、箫、笳等乐器合奏一种乐曲,以壮军威,叫做“鼓吹”;军中用以报时、警众或发号施令者,叫做“鼓角”;出战时擂鼓呐喊,大张声威,叫做“鼓噪”。鼓,还有特殊作用:有一种铜鼓,古代人把它作为一个地区或一个部落的政权与经济势力的象征,族长或酋长像保护身家性命那样保护这种铜鼓。此外,在寺庙中,“晨中暮鼓”,鼓还可以作为报时的工具。
鼓是我国传统的打击乐器,按《礼记·明堂位》的记载,在很早的传说中,“伊耆氏”之时就已有“土鼓”,即陶土作成的鼓。由于鼓有良好的共鸣作用,声音激越雄壮而传声很远,所以很早就被华夏祖先作为军队上助威之用。相传黄帝征服蚩尤的涿鹿之战中,“黄帝杀夔,以其皮为鼓,声闻五百”(《太平御览》卷五八二引《帝王世纪》)。[1]
上古时代的战鼓,皆由鳄鱼皮制成,而鼓皮选用鳄鱼皮,是取鳄鱼的凶猛习性以壮鼓声。到了周代,据《周礼·地官司徒》之载,已专门设置了“鼓人”来管理鼓制、击鼓等事。[1] 鼓人所管理的有各种用途的鼓,如祭祀用的雷鼓、灵鼓、乐队中的晋鼓等。其中,专门用于军事的叫“汾(音)鼓”,据《说文》的解释,这是一种长八尺,鼓面四尺,两面蒙革的大鼓。此外,路鼓、晋鼓、等也用于军旅,这些鼓以后发展为各种规格的战鼓,在军事上得到普遍地运用。
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