推荐回答(5个)
项羽虽然打仗厉害,有很强的军事才能,但是他刚愎自用,有亚父范增也不好好利用。刘邦虽然军事才能不出众,但是他善于用人,身边的人才很多,比如韩信,张良和萧何,三个臭皮匠,赛过诸葛亮,因此项羽输给了刘邦。
项羽在政治方面其实是很愚蠢的,甚至他的每一个举动,都是在给竞争对手送分。首先,他过于嫉恶如仇,对敌人格杀勿论:他曾经坑杀了20万已经放下武器的秦军,也杀害了已经投降的秦王子婴和全部嬴氏皇族,甚至还有很多令人发指的屠城行为。这些行为让很多和他并肩作战的盟友感到胆战心惊;其次,秦国虽然灭亡了,但天下大一统的思想已经被人们所接受,这也是大势所趋。而他依然坚持裂土封侯,把天下重新回到春秋战国时期,这显然是逆历史潮流的举动;再次,秦末各路诸侯反秦,都是打着义帝的旗号进行的,名誉上归义帝统一指挥。此时的项羽却将义帝流放,而且在流放途中又派人将其杀害,这个行为让项羽的声望大跌。刘邦趁此机会集结各路诸侯,扛起为义帝报仇的大旗,使项羽陷入了相当被动的局面。
刘邦不按套路出牌,然处世未必不丈夫。刘邦出生低贱,年轻时曾经不务正业。尤其让世人觉得他无赖的恐怕是兵败逃命路上,为了让马车跑得快点三次把亲生儿女踢下车;在项羽以烹杀他父亲相威胁时,不仅不着急反而要求分一杯羹。不过换个角度想想,刘邦敢这么做也许是因为对项羽的性格太熟悉了,知道以大英雄自诩的项羽不会做出杀自己子女和老父亲这样的小人行径。通观刘邦一生,可以发现虽有不少污点,但也有很多难能可贵的领袖品质。一是坚韧不拔。经常被人打得落荒而逃、大败而归,但从不气妥、从不放弃,每次跌倒都能坚强地爬起来。二是知进明退。韩信索封假齐王时刘邦本是勃然大怒,但张良稍一提醒立马就改口,要封韩信为真齐王。当了皇帝后带兵打匈奴,被围白登该低头时就低头,靠着向匈奴单于的宠妇行贿得以脱险。三是知人善任。不论出身、不计前嫌、不拘一格地聚拢人才,他手下有张良这样的贵族,也有樊哙这样的狗屠,还有彭越这样的强盗,有萧何这样的发小,也有韩信这样中途投靠的才俊,都能把他们用到极致。
首先,项羽头脑简单,毫无心机,这一点可以从鸿门宴上项羽告诉刘邦是曹无伤向他告密可以看出,第二,项羽刚愎自用,不懂得放手任用手下的贤才良将,刘邦手下的一些人才就是从项羽那边逃过来的,比如韩信和陈平,第三,项羽不知道管理军队,他手下的士兵痛恨秦朝,到处烧杀抢劫,许多无辜的百姓受到了牵连,他失去了民心,第四,这也是最容易让人忽略的一点,虞姬,她一直想要一个温暖的小窝,一个她和项羽的二人世界,却不知道怎样劝自己的丈夫重新振作起来,最后落了个霸王别姬的下场,虽然她很爱项羽,一点都不想伤害他,但是,她的思想让项羽沉溺其中,逐渐消磨了项羽的斗志,所以,从客观上来说,她是项羽事业上的一剂毒药。假如吕雉是项羽的妻子,那么她也许会跟项羽一起逃跑,并且会劝项羽渡过乌江,毕竟江东弟子多才俊,卷土重来未可知。
羽之神勇千古无二,但勇者未必真豪杰。项羽十分神勇,给后人留下了力拔山兮气盖世的英雄形象,还有破釜沉舟等多个经典战例。汉代司马迁给出的评价是“羽之神勇千古无二”,宋代李清照写下“生当作人杰,死亦为鬼雄;至今思项羽,不肯过江东”的词句,更是让项羽的形象完善到了极致。然而,作为一个逐鹿天下的统帅,项羽的缺陷却是致命的。一是缺乏识人的慧眼。韩信曾经投靠项羽但不受待见,愤而转投刘邦成了战必胜、攻必取的无双国士,最终项羽也是亡于韩信的十面埋伏。二是缺乏聚人的魅力。鸿门宴上项羽不仅没有依计杀掉刘邦,反而为了充好人,把沛公左司马曹无伤这个自己人给卖了。范增一直对项羽忠心耿耿,被尊为亚父,然而到了后来项羽连范增都不信任。三是缺乏纳谏的胸襟。随着一时军事上的胜利,项羽十分刚愎自用,听不进谋士们的意见,鸿门宴后范增气得大骂“竖子不足与谋”就是最典型的例子。
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