简述辽和西夏政治制度的特点以及形成其特点的主要原因

2025-03-31 22:17:41
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

1.辽的制度
辽国最强盛时,疆域“东至于海,西至金山(今阿尔泰山),暨于流沙,北至胪朐河(今蒙古国克鲁伦河),南至白沟(今河北雄县境),幅员万里。”①自从兼并了渤海国、并得到幽云十六州之后,辽国吸收了大量封建的经济成份和封建的传统文化,开始迅速地由奴隶制向封建制转变。官制 辽国境内,民族众多,除契丹族外,还有汉、渤海②、女真、奚、室韦等族。就这些民族的生产和生活方式而言,大致可分为两类:一类以汉人、渤海人为主,耕稼以食,桑麻以衣,过着以农业为主的定居生活;另一类以契丹人为主,过着转徙无常的游牧生活。根据这种不同的情况,辽统治者相应地采取了“蕃汉分治”的政治制度,“以国制治契丹,以汉制待汉人。”③辽朝中央的官制有南面官制和北面官制两种。所谓南、北面官,系因其官署分设于皇帝大帐南北而得名。“北面治宫帐、部族、属国之政,南面治汉人州县、租赋、军马之事。”④南面官沿袭唐以来的官制,中央设三省六部,官员多用汉人。北面官名称与南面官不同,职掌却大体相似。如北枢密院。相当于兵部,南枢密院相当于吏部,北、南大王院相当于户部,夷离毕院相当于刑部,宣徽院相当于工部,敌烈麻都司相当于礼部。北面官的长官都由契丹贵族担任,其权力比南面官大的多。
辽在地方上以五京为中心,①将全国分为五道:上京道、中京道、南京道、东京道、西京道。道之下实行部族制和州县制。
契丹人和其他游牧居民地区采用部族制,分地而居,合族而处,根据各族地位高低和大小又分为大部族和小部族,统治机构为某族司徒府,下有某部族节度使司、某部族详稳司等。汉人和渤海人地区采用州县制。大体仿唐制,州设刺史、同知州事;县设令、丞、主簿、尉。部族、州县之外,还有“头下军州”,系由辽的宗室、外戚、大臣和所属部族首领中立有战功者,以其所分得或所俘获的人口为主体建立的州县。头下军州的刺史由中央任免,其他官吏则由头下主自行委派。辽的各级官员中,契丹族官员多由地位显赫的家族世袭而来,即由某家族的子孙内量材选授。汉族知识分子则主要通过科举门径进入仕途。法律 辽在阿保机时,始有成文法,“凡四姓(契丹、奚、渤海、汉)相犯,皆用汉法;本类自相犯者,用本国法。”①可见其法律也有蕃、汉之不同。据《辽史•刑法志》记载,辽“贵贱异法”,而且“凡契丹及汉人打殴致死,其法轻重不均。”①这些记载说明辽的法律具有鲜明的阶级压迫和民族压迫的特点。
西夏的制度 西夏国的建立者李元昊是党项族杰出的政治家与军事家,通晓佛学和蕃、汉文字,熟悉中原王朝的法律、制度。注意吸收先进的汉文化,在西夏国所立制度,基本上仿照宋制。中央设置中书省、枢密院、三司和御史台,分掌行政、军事、财政和监察。还有农田司、群牧司、文思院等机构,分掌庶政。官员则由党项贵族和汉人分别担任,另有一些官职专授党项人。中央还设置“蕃学”和“汉学”,分别选蕃汉官吏子弟入学,以科举取士。地方上亦同宋制,设府、州。军事上实行征兵制,每二丁取正军一人,总兵力有几十万。西夏还仿汉字形体,创造西夏文字,通令全国使用。在夏国统治的二百年中,西夏文一直使用。夏亡后,仍长期流传。

回答2:

1、都较多地吸收了中原先进的政治制度内容:如辽和西夏都沿用唐代官制;西夏仿效唐宋王朝建立政治制度,推行科举制度。
2、对本民族和汉人实行不同的统治方式。如辽统治者采取“以国制治契丹,以汉制治汉人”的政治制度。

原因:

辽、西夏统治的北方地区民族和汉族的经济文化发展水平及生活方式存在差异,为了适应这些地区的不同情况而采取因地制宜(或因俗而治)的管理方式。

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