推荐回答(2个)
一、情绪的基本分类
关于情绪的类别,长期以来说法不一。我国古代有喜、怒、忧、思、悲、恐、惊的七情
说,
美国心理学家普拉切克
(Plutchik)
提出了八种基本情绪:
悲痛、
恐惧、
惊奇、
接受、
狂喜、
狂怒、警惕、憎恨。还有的心理学家提出了九种类别。虽然类别很多,但一般认为有四种基
本情绪,即快乐、愤怒、恐惧和悲哀。
快乐是指一个人盼望和追求的目的达到后产生的情绪体验。
由于需要得到满足,
愿望得
以实现,心理的急迫感和紧张感解除,快乐随之而生。快乐有强度的差异,从愉快、兴奋到
狂喜,这种差异是和所追求的目的对自身的意义以及实现的难易程度有关。
愤怒是指所追求的目的受到阻碍,
愿望无法实现时产生的情绪体验。
愤怒时紧张感增加,
有时不能自我控制,甚至出现攻击行为。愤怒也有程度上的区别,一般的愿望无法实现时,
只会感到不快或生气,
但当遇到不合理的阻碍或恶意的破坏时,
愤怒会急剧爆发。
这种情绪
对人的身心的伤害也是明显的。
恐惧是企图摆脱和逃避某种危险情景而又无力应付时产生的情绪体验。
所以,
恐惧的产
生不仅仅由于危险情景的存在,
还与个人排除危险的能力和应付危险的手段有关。
一个初次
出海的人遇到惊骇浪或者鲨鱼袭击会感到恐惧无比,
而一个经验丰富的水手对此可能已经司
空见惯,
泰然自若。
婴儿身上的恐惧情绪表现较晚,
可能是与他对恐惧情景的认知较晚有关。
悲哀是指心爱的事物失去时,
或理想和愿望破灭时产生的情绪体验。
悲哀的程度取决于
失去的事物对自己的重要性和价值。
悲哀时带来的紧张的释放,会导致哭泣。当然,悲哀并
不总是消极的,它有时能够转化为前进的动力。
二、情绪状态分类
情绪状态是指在一定的生活事件影响下,一段时间内各种情绪体验的一般特征表现。根据情绪状态的强度和持续时间可分为心境、激情和应激
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