曹操的诗歌被称为_____魏晋风骨
曹操的诗歌被称为_____魏晋风骨
推荐回答(1个)
曹操生活在东汉末年的战乱年代,他作为有实力的一方诸侯用武力统一了长江以北的广大地区从而结束了北方的战乱局面,他被后世史学家称为乱世之奸雄。他喜爱汉代乐府诗并受其影响,他的诗歌创作也大多是乐府诗形式。但是他却独辟蹊径,不受束缚,继承了府,却不因袭古人诗意,自辟新蹊﹐不受束缚,他总是“缘事而发”,不做无病呻吟之事。
“曹操的诗作,可以看做是汉音的收束者,同时也是魏响的第一个阶段。可以说曹操是中国诗歌史上,除屈原外,有意写诗的第一位大诗人。”曹操同时也是中国历史为数不多的政治家兼著名诗人,然而曹操能在中国诗歌史上有一席之地完全是因为他那充满悲怆和苍凉的诗歌决定的,再加上曹操多方面的独创性,使他当之无愧成为魏晋风骨第一人! 曹操诗歌最大的艺术特色体现在三个方面:在形式上“突破”与“创新”;在内容上将“小我”之壮志与“大我”之情怀有机地融为一体;在艺术风格上形成以“慷慨悲凉”为基调的“建安风骨”,受后世文人推崇。“曹公古直”,其诗绝少华美的辞藻,喜从大处着墨,内涵厚重而气势恢弘,抒发感情往往跌宕起伏,个性色彩极为鲜明。从他开始,乐府诗实实在在地走上了新的发展道路,建安文学也成长为一个划时代的文学潮流。
一、曹操在诗歌的形式上进行了大胆创新
曹操所写的众多诗歌中流传至今的仅仅有二十多首诗,全部都是乐府歌辞,显示了曹操对诗歌的情有独钟。《魏书》说“太祖登高必赋,及造新诗,被之管弦,皆成乐章”,这些乐府歌辞虽沿用汉乐府古题,却并不因袭古辞古意,而是继承了乐府民歌写实的精神。曹操首开以乐府古题自作诗的风气,开创了文人“拟乐府”诗歌创作的全盛局面。“乐府自东汉以来,文士始多仿制,然大都不过一二篇,其风未盛也。乐府既不采诗,民歌来源,根本断绝。而魏武以相王之尊,雅爱诗章……文人乐府,斯为极盛。”借古题写当世的生活情况,这点自曹操的《薤露行》、《篙里行》获得成功后,建安诗人就开始大胆仿效,后来蔚然成风,形成建安风骨。
曹操诗歌很多是杂言体和五言体,而杂言体和五言体正是汉乐府民歌诗体的主要形式。他的诗歌古朴正直,不言废语,饱含深情。如写战争过后的惨象:“白骨露于野,千里无鸡鸣”。写家庭的贫困:“瓮中无斗储,发筐无尺增”。他惯用铺叙手法,如《冬十月》写天气寒冷,“孟冬十月,北风徘徊;天气肃清,繁霜霏霏。路鸡晨鸣,鸿雁南飞;鹜鸟潜藏,熊署窟栖……”。
曹操诗歌吸取了汉代乐府民歌的营养,具有鲜明的民歌特色,显得更加动人。他将诗歌提升到一个汉乐府民歌未曾达到的领域,从简单的事实记录提升到抒发感情表达人文性的高度。文人大规模地学习、仿效乐府诗,是在曹魏时代及其之后的事情:“乐府自东汉以来,文士始多仿制,然大都不过一二篇,其风未盛也。至魏则乐府既不采诗,民歌来源,根本断绝,而“魏武以相王之尊,雅爱诗章,……文人乐府,斯为极盛”。五言诗的成熟正是这种文人乐府诗运动的产物。建安十五年,曹操在邺建成铜雀台,标志着清商乐和文人乐府诗创作的走向高潮,为五言诗的成熟准备了音乐条件和作者条件。曹操所倡导的清商乐和大力写作的文人乐府诗,正是抒情五言诗成熟的摇篮。
曹操的五言诗显示了由言志向抒情转型的痕迹,并为后来山水诗、意象写法奠定了基础。曹操诗歌对于悲哀之美的审美追求,正是整个建安时代的审美特征,如曹操《蒿里行》的名句:“白骨露于野,千里无鸡鸣”。曹操诗歌中明显地呈现出由四言诗向五言诗转型的痕迹,在曹操早期五言诗中,明显地依靠使用虚字来凑够五言,是以四言诗的写法来写五言,也呈现出由言志而转向抒情,特别是抒发悲情的痕迹,从而为建安诗歌的第二个阶段奠定了基础。
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曹操的诗不仅对建安文学有开风气的作用,由于创造性较大,对后代文学也有重要的影响。他的以乐府古题写时事的作法对后来的新乐府诗有很大的启示。从他这种旧题新事乐府到杜甫的“即事名篇”的新题事乐府,再到白居易等人掀起的新乐府运动,可以清晰地看出一脉相承的发展。另外,《诗经》以后,四言诗很少佳篇,曹操继承了“国风”和“小雅”的抒情的传统,创造出一些动人的篇章,使四言诗再一次放出光采。
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