推荐回答(1个)
现代运输船舶尽管种类繁多,构造不一,但都是由船体(包括上层建筑)和动力装置(见船舶动力装置)两部分组成,并配置有各种舾装设备和系统。
船体及其上层建筑 运输船舶的主体,为旅客、船员以及货物、动力装置和油、水等物料提供装载的空间。
钢质运输船船体是用各种规格钢板和型材焊接而成,由船底、两舷、首端、尾端和甲板组成水密空心结构。船底有单底和双底结构,由船底外板(包括平板龙骨)、内底板和内底边板(双层底结构的船有)、纵向骨架、横向骨架等构件组成。船底骨架有横骨架式和纵骨架式两种。横骨架式结构由肋板(横向构件)、中桁材(位于船底纵向中心线处的纵桁,又称中内龙骨)、旁桁材(位于船底纵向中心线两侧的纵桁,又称旁内龙骨)等构件组成;纵骨架式结构减少肋板数,但增加船底纵骨。两舷由水密的舷侧外板和加强它的骨架(肋骨和舷侧纵桁、纵骨等)组成。为了加强船体首尾结构,在首端有首柱,在尾端设尾柱。船体内部设若干道舱壁,形成不同用途的舱室。船的首部和尾部设有防撞舱壁,分别形成首尖舱、尾尖舱,以保安全。安装主机、辅机及其附属设备的机舱一般设在船中部或尾部,相应的船型称为中机型或尾机型。船体垂直方向则用甲板和平台分隔,甲板少则一层,如油船、散货船;多则十余层,如远洋客船。贯通首尾的最上一层水密甲板称上甲板。船体的强度须能承受船上的载荷和外界水压力,以及风浪中所产生的弯曲和扭转等应力。
上层建筑是指上甲板以上的建筑物。货船的上层建筑主要供驾驶操纵和船员生活之用。过去典型的杂货船多为中机型,其上层建筑分别设在船首、船尾和中部,分别称为首楼、尾楼和桥楼,这种船称为三岛式船。桥楼是全船工作和生活的中心,最上层是驾驶台、海图室、电报间等,驾驶台以下部分为船员居住、休息、娱乐的场所。为了取得更多的使用和居住面积,可把三楼分别或全部联接起来。如把首楼和桥楼联接起来,即成长首楼船;把尾楼和桥楼联接起来,即成长尾楼船。20世纪初,船主们为了扩大船舶装货容积,同时利用当时船舶吨位丈量法规中的某些弱点,建成一种有两层甲板的遮蔽甲板船。两层甲板之间的空间可以装货而又可以不计入总吨位,从而减轻了各种服务费用及纳税额,因此长期成为干货船的主要船型。但该船型水密性差、不安全,所以现在已由国际海事组织修改丈量法规,取消了这种船型。现代货船以尾机型居多,上层建筑也多设在船尾。客船的上层建筑比货船的发达,甲板层数多,每层内部用钢质围壁加以分隔,成为旅客居住和进行各种活动的场所。
动力装置 包括为船舶提供推进动力的主机,为全船提供电力和照明的发电机组,以及其他各种辅机和设备。主机是运输船舶的心脏。现代运输船舶的主机绝大多数为低速或中速柴油机,由它直接或减速后驱动装在尾部的螺旋桨来推动船舶前进。除柴油机外,也有少数船舶采用蒸汽机、汽轮机、燃气轮机乃至核动力装置。柴油机船上发电机组为2~3台柴油发电机组,一般采用400伏三相交流电,频率为50赫兹或60赫兹。船上还装有副锅炉或废气锅炉,为全船提供蒸汽和热源。各种辅机和设备主要有空气压缩机、各种油泵、水泵以及热交换器、管路、油水柜等。
舾装设备和各种系统 舾装设备包括:①操纵设备,如舵设备;②系船设备,如锚泊设备和系泊设备等;③关闭设备,如舱口盖、水密门、舷门、出入口盖等;④信号设备如信号灯、信号旗等;⑤救生设备,如救生艇、救生筏、救生圈、救生衣等;⑥起货设备,如货船上的吊杆装置和甲板起重机(见船舶起货设备),油船上的货油泵,滚装船上的升降机、跳板等等;⑦其他设备,如客船上的防摇设备,拖船上的拖带设备,顶推船上的顶推装置等。船上各种系统包括:将舱底积水排出船外的舱底水排出系统,向压载水舱供水和把水排出的压载水系统,送水灭火的消防系统,排除甲板积水、粪便水和洗濯污水的疏水、处理和排污系统,供给船员和旅客所需饮用水、洗濯水和卫生用水的生活用水系统,以及通风、取暖和空气调节系统等。

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