英语中动词、形容词的用法是?

2024-11-04 10:07:11
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回答1:

一、动词的用法:

(一)动词的种类

动词是表示动作或状态的词,按其词义和在句子中的作用可分为行为动词,连系动词,助动词和情态动词。

1.行为动词

行为动词可分为及物动词 (vt)和不及物动词(vi),及物动词表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,能单独作谓语,后跟宾语;不及物动词表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,能单独作谓语,但后面不能直接跟宾语,如要带宾语则与介词或副词构成短语。

如:

More and more people study English.(vt)

The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)

2.连系动词

连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有 be, get, turn, become, look, feel, grow, seem, sound, taste, smell等。

如:

Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.

It feels damp. 

3.助动词

助动词本身无词义,不能单独作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示否定,疑问及动词的时态、语态、人称和数等语法特征,助动词有 be,do,have,shall,will等。

如:

How do you usually come to school?

The children are playing yo-yo now. 

4.情态动词

情态动词本身有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词原形一起构成谓语,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。情态动词有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等。

如:

Can I help you?

- Must we go now? –No, you needn't .

a. can与be able to的用法有所区别。can只用于一般现在时和过去时,指本身有能力的“能”;be able to用于各种时态均可,指须经过努力而“能”。

b. must与have/has to的用法。must表示说话人主观认为“必须”,只用于一般现在时和一般将来时;have/has to表示客观需要,意为“不得不”,它可用于各种时态。

c.need和dare既可作情态动词也可作行为动词。

(二)动词不定式

动词不定式 to do没有人称和数的变化,在句中不能独立作谓语,但可以和助动词或情态动词构成谓语,又可以在句子中作宾语、宾语补足语、状语、定语、主语、表语等。但它毕竟是动词,因此,具有动词的许多特点,如它可以有自己的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。 

1.作主语。 如:

To learn English is very important.

但实际上不定式作主语常用 it来作形式主语,而将不定式移至谓语动词后作真正的主语。

如上句可表达为:

It's very important to learn English. 

2.作表语。 如:

My idea is to ring him up at once. 

3.作宾语。 如:

I have decided to go to Binjiang Primary School. 

4.作宾语补足语。

a. ask, want, teach, tell, know, would like, allow等动词后面接动词不定式作宾语补足语。

如: The policemen asked him to get off the bus.

b. hear, see, look at, feel, watch, notice, listen to等动词后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。

如: We often see Miss Li clean the classroom.

c. let, make, have这些使役动词后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。但在被动语态中这些不带to的都须带上to。

如: In those days the bosses often made the workers work day and night.

d.动词help接动词不定式作宾语补足语,可带to也可不带to。

如: Can you help me (to) carry the heavy bag? 

5.作定语。

a.与被修饰词有动宾关系。如:I have something important to tell you.但如果不定式动词为不及物动词,后面的介词千万不要省略。

如: Maybe they have three rooms to live in.

b.与被修饰词有主谓关系。

如: Mr Liang is always the first to come and the last to leave.

c.与被修饰之间只有修饰关系。

如: I have no time to play cards. 

6.作状语,表示目的、原因、方法、方向、结果等。

如: I'll go to meet my friend at the railway station. 

7.不定式复合结构“for sb. to do sth” 作主语时,常用“It is +adj+ for

of sb. to do sth”的句式。形容词good, bad, polite, unkind, kind, ice, clever,

right, wrong, careful等用“It is +adj +of sb. to do sth.”

其他形容词用 for。

如:

It's dangerous for you to ride so fast.

It's very kind of you to help me. 

8.动词不定式与疑问句who, what, which, when, how, where, whether等连用。

如: I don't know when to start.

He didn't tell me where to go.

但上面结构相当于一个从句,故上述句子也可表达为:

I don't know when we'll start.

He didn't tell me where he would go. 

注意:

a.有些动词或动词短语不能带不定式,只能接动词的-ing形式。

如: enjoy, finish, keep, mind, miss(错过),be busy, go on, keep on, be worth, practise等。

如: The peasants are busy picking apples.

Would you mind my opening the door?

b.有些动词后可接不定式,也可接动词的-ing形式,但意思不同。

如: Lu Jian forgot to post the letter.(该寄但还没做)

Lu Jian forgot posting the letter.(已经寄过信了)

They stopped to sing a song.(停止在做的工作而去做另一件工作)

They stopped singing.(停止正在做的工作)

二、形容词的用法:形容词是指用来修饰、说明名词或不定代词,表示人或物的性质、特征和状态。一般放在它所修饰的名词前作定语,也可独立作表语或宾语补足语等。

i. 作定语:
This is an interesting story. Kitty is a clever cat. 

ii. 作表语:
Yao Ming is very tall. Our classroom is big and bright. 

iii. 作宾语补足语:
Don't make your hands dirty. We're trying to make our school beautiful. 

注意:

a. 有些形容词只能作表语。如:alone, afraid, asleep等。

如: That old man feels alone because his children are out. I'm afraid he can't come. 

b. 形容词与不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything等连用时,要放在这些词后面。

如: There is something wrong with my DVD machine. It's nothing serious. 

c. 某些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人或事物,其作用相当于一个名词。

如: the young(年轻人),the poor(穷人), the rich(富人) 

d. 如果有两个以上的形容词修饰同一个名词时,其前后排列顺序一般如下:
限定词(a/the, this/some/her……)+数量词(先序数词后基数词)+观点+大小+形状+新旧+颜色+产地+材料+名词。

如:a big old German computer