中医里面说的气?是怎么理解?

2025-02-26 14:39:10
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

中医认为,气是构成人体的最基本的物质基础,也是人体生命活动的最基本物质。人体的各种生命活动均可以用气的运动变化来解释。
气的生成来自于三个方面:
1.先天之精气:即受之于父母的先天禀赋之气。其生理功能的发挥有赖于肾藏精气;
2.水谷之精气:即饮食水谷经脾胃运化后所得的营养物质;
3.吸入之清气:即由肺吸入的自然界的清气。
作为人体生命活动的基本物质,气的功能主要有以下几个方面:
1.推动作用:气可以促进人体生长发育,激发各脏腑组织器官的功能活动,推动经气的运行、血液的循行,以及津液的生成、输布和排泄。
2.温煦作用:气的运动是人体热量的来源。气维持并调节着人体的正常体温,气的温煦作用保证着人体各脏腑组织器官及经络的生理活动,并使血液和津液能够始终正常运行而不致凝滞、停聚。
3.防御作用:气具有抵御邪气的作用。一方面,气可以护卫肌表,防止外邪入侵;另一方面,气可以与入侵的邪气作斗争,以驱邪外出。
4.固摄作用:气可以保持脏腑器官位置的相对稳定;并可统摄血液防止其溢于脉外;控制和调节汗液、尿液、唾液的分泌和排泄,防止体液流失;固藏精液以防遗精滑泄。
5.气化作用:气化作用即在通过气的运动可使人体产生各种正常的变化,包括精、气、血、津液等物质的新陈代谢及相互转化。实际上,气化过程就是物质转化和能量转化的过程。
气的各种功能相互配合,相互为用,共同维持着人体的正常生理活动。比如,气的推动作用和气的固摄作用就是相反相成的,一方面,气推动血液的运行和津液的输布、排泄;另一方面,气又控制和调节着血液和津液的分泌、运行和排泄。推动和固摄的相互协调,使正常的功能活动得以维持。
气的运动被称为气机,气的功能是通过气机来实现的。气的运动的基本形式包括升、降、出、入四个方面,并体现在脏腑、经络、组织、器官的生理活动之中。例如,肺呼气为出,吸气为入,宣发为升,肃降为降。又如,脾主升清,胃主降浊。气机的升降出入应当保持协调、平衡,这样才能维持正常的生理活动。
根据所在的部位、功能及来源的不同,气分可为以下各类:
1.元气:元气又称原气,是人体生命活动的原动力。元气由先天之精所化生,并受后天水谷精气不断补充和培养。元气根源于肾,通过三焦循行于全身,内至脏腑,外达肌肤腠理。元气的功能是推动和促进人体的生长发育,温煦和激发脏腑、经络、组织器官的生理活动。因此,可以说元气是维持人体生命活动的最基本的物质。
2.宗气:宗气即胸中之气,由肺吸入之清气和脾胃运化的水谷精气结合而生成。宗气的功能一是上走息道以行呼吸,二是贯注心脉以行气血。肢体的温度和活动能力、视听功能、心搏的强弱及节律均与宗气的盛衰有关。由于宗气积于胸中,临床上常以心尖搏动部位的(虚里)的搏动情况和脉象来了解宗气的盛衰。
3.营气:营气即运行于脉中、具有营养作用的气,主要由脾胃运化的水谷精气所化生。营气的功能表现为注入血脉、化生血液及循脉上下、营养全身两个方面。
4.卫气:卫气即行于脉外、具有保卫作用的气,与营气一样,也主要是由脾胃运化的水谷精气所化生。卫气的功能包括:护卫肌表,防御外邪入侵;温养脏腑、肌肉、皮毛;调节控制汗孔的开合和汗液的排泄,以维持体温的恒定。

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