不同朝代的人(唐宋元明清各一个)对陶渊明的评价

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2025-04-06 06:12:38
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

唐代对陶渊明的评价是与时代精神紧密结合的。无论李白、王维,还是杜甫、白居易等人对陶渊明的隐逸既理解又不太赞同,而对他的文学创作倒是基本肯定和赞扬的。李白一方面欣赏“清风北窗下,自谓羲皇人。何时到栗里,一见平生亲”(《戏赠郑溧阳》),“梦见五柳技,已堪挂马鞭。何日到彭泽,长歌陶令前”(《寄韦南陵冰??》)。却对陶渊明的归隐未必赞同,“龌龊东篱下,渊明不足群”(《登巴陵道酒??》)。杜甫和王维几乎也是如此。杜甫既说过“焉得思如陶令手,令渠述作与同游”(《江山值水如海势??》)。又嫌陶渊明不够“达道”:“陶潜避欲翁,未必能达道。??有子贤与愚,何其挂怀抱”(《遣兴》)。王维曾经想学陶渊明的归隐:“不厌尚平婚嫁早,却嫌陶令去官迟”(《早秋山中作》)。“酌醴赋归去,共知陶令贤”(《送六舅归陆浑》)。却又讥笑陶渊明不为五斗米折腰是“一惭之不忍”招来“屡乞而多惭”。(《与魏居士书》)在唐人心目中完全赞同陶渊明的人生态度的是遭受政治挫折之后,阅历丰富的白居易,他心目中的陶渊明是“爱酒不爱名,忧醒不忧贫”。(《效陶潜体十六首》)对陶诗及陶的为人更是敬佩不已:“常爱陶彭泽,文恩何高玄”,“因高偶成句,俯仰愧高山。(《题寻阳楼》)

宋代对陶渊明基本上是待肯定和颂扬态度的,把陶渊明作为理想人格的化身予以颂扬,对于他的艺术造诣更是推崇备至,苏轼《与苏辙书》中认为中国诗人中只有陶渊明最为独立特行:“吾于诗人,无所甚好,独好渊明之诗。??自曹、刘、鲍、谢、李、杜诸人,皆莫及也。”正是由于他对陶渊明有这样的偏爱,居然写了一百零九首和陶诗,成为中国诗歌中史上的一大奇观。布衣终老的诗人林逋则认为:“陶渊明无功德以及人,而名节与功臣、义士等”(《省心录》)。并且身体力行地隐于孤山,以陶渊明作为自己效法的楷模。至于具有强烈建功立业之心的辛弃疾,也是把陶渊明看成是孔明一流的历史人物:“看渊明风流,酷似卧龙诸葛”(《贺新郎》)。陆游对陶也是极为心仪赞誉不已的:“陶谢文章造化侔,诗成能使鬼神愁。君看夏木扶疏句,还许他人更道不?”(《读陶渊明诗》)朱熹也把陶渊明视为高士忠臣:“先生人物魏晋间,题诗便欲倾天悭。向来天地识眉宇,今日天遣窥波澜。平生尚友陶彭泽,未肯轻为折腰客”(《题霜杰集》)。遍览宋人对陶渊明的评论,无论对其人格和文品几乎是无保留地赞美。苏轼推尊陶渊明为迥出众家之上的唯一诗人,指出他的风格“其诗质而实绮,癯而实腴”之美。真德秀更主张:“以余观之,渊明之学,正是经术中来,故形之于诗,有不可掩。”“渊明之作,宜自为一编,以附于《三百篇》、《楚辞》之后,为诗之根本准则”(李公焕《笺注陶渊明集》)。曾纮更有陶渊明的作品“外若枯槁,中实敷腴,真诗人之冠冕”的盛誉(同上)。和上述评论相映衬的是蔡倏《西清诗话》中的一段话:“渊明意趣真古,清谈之宗,诗家视渊明,犹孔门视伯夷也。”简直到了无以复加的程度。 南宋爱国诗人辛弃疾,在报国无门,壮志难酬的苦闷中,把陶渊明引为知己。在《水龙吟》词中说:“须信此翁未死,到如今,凛然生气”。辛弃疾留下的词作626首,其中吟咏、提及、明引、暗引陶诗陶文的有60首,几乎每10首词中就有一首与陶渊明有关。辛弃疾在《念奴娇》中称: “须信采菊东篱,高情千载,只有陶彭泽”。给予了陶渊明千古一人的最高评价。

金元明清时期对陶渊明的研究更加深入,元好问《论诗绝句》评论陶是很有影响的:“一语天然万古新,豪华落尽见真淳。南窗白日羲皇上,未害渊明是晋人。”元人赵孟顿则称赏陶渊明:“斯人真有道,名与日月悬。青松卓然操,黄华霜中鲜。弃官亦易耳,忍穷北窗下。抚琴三叹息,世久无此贤”(《题归去来图》)。明代的茅坤和张溥对陶渊明也高度肯定(已详前),

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