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[创作背景]祥兴元年(1278)文天祥被俘,次年被押赴元都燕京(今北京)。这首诗就写于此次押解途经金陵(今江苏南京)时。在此之前,为挽救摇摇欲坠的赵宋王朝,诗人曾积极募集将士,组织抗战。谁曾料,如今竟成了阶下囚!壮志未酬,而故国江山已经沦亡,诗人心中怎能不感慨万千?于是诗中便充满了黍离之悲,亡国之痛,爱国之情,报国之心。
[内容评析]一片惨淡的夕阳斜照着长满衰草的离宫,而自己也像那天边漂浮的孤云,不知归宿在哪里。面对南宋朝廷如夕阳般的沉沦,诗人不禁仰天长叹,发出了「山河依旧,人事已非」的感慨。作者用依然如故的青山绿水反衬经战争摧残后城垣的颓坏、人民的离散死亡,感慨极深。接着,他又以「满地芦花」和「旧家燕子」表达了家国沧桑之感。自己同秋天的芦花一样随风飘零,一片浩劫之后,旧家燕子将飞往何处呢?诗的最后两句,化用了《楚辞·招魂》「魂兮归来哀江南」的语义和望帝死后化杜鹃的神话,表示现在我虽被迫离开故乡,绝无生还的希望,但即使死了,我也要化成啼血的杜鹃,飞回江南。诗人这种心志,可谓哀苦之至,而视死如归的英雄气概和坚定不渝的民族气节,同他的名句「人生自古谁无死,留取丹心照汗青」一样,更是感动了后世许多人。
文天祥在宋亡后写的诗,悲壮慷慨,气贯长虹,这首诗是代表作之一。此诗触景生情,景中寓情,巧妙地化用典故,将自己的亲身感受,金陵的历代兴亡,前人的咏叹等交织在一起,抒发了自己深沉而复杂的内心情感,外柔内刚,沉挚悲壮,柔惋含蓄但又淋漓尽致。这种以鲜血和生命写出来的诗篇,值得珍视。
这首哀诗情辞委婉而含蓄,多处借用典故,抒怀渊深,情愫悲壮。首联触其景生诸情,落日照影在移,日薄西山,夕辉残灭。以此暗喻
南宋朝即将沉沦,落笔在“孤云飘泊复何依”。此情此景,来自残阳西没。诗中对南宋朝廷的灭亡与个人无所依靠都未明写,分别含在“夕辉”与“孤云”的描写中。写景与抒情均十分真切,真情深含于写景和即景抒情之中。“孤云飘泊”既写景又抒情,“孤云”借喻作者个人。
三四句暗用《世说新语》的典故,写山河风景依旧,化用“新亭对泣”的典故。原典有云:“风景不殊,正自有山河之异。”今人事已非,城里人大半见不到,死的死,逃的逃。“城郭人民半已非”,寓意是人民逃离故土,此生无法再回归,只有死后化鹤化猿成仙,暗中潜回。用人事与风景对比,怀念故国。写得很深沉。
五六句进而暗用了刘禹锡的诗文,表述了家国沧桑之感,抒发了诗人的悲痛与哀伤。写自己和秋天飘落的芦花一样,随风而去,即将为国殉难。此处引用了刘诗的《西塞山怀古》中的“故垒萧萧芦荻秋”中的“芦荻白花”。诗的下句是“金陵王气默然收”。可知芦荻白花象征王室的末日。“旧家燕”是引用刘诗《乌衣巷》中“旧时王谢堂前燕,飞人寻常百姓家”。诗句中“堂前燕”,当时浩劫难逃。旧家燕飞往何处?飞落到侵入者天下的人家里。诗人化用此典故,感慨亡国被俘之悲痛。诗人用典的深刻含义.不点自明。文天祥诗句中更深的蕴含
是对前世王朝的感叹,同时也含有对权贵们含蓄的讽刺。把古人与今人,过去与现在,繁华与衰败,紧紧连在一起。燕子作为历史的见证,一虚一实,今昔对比十分鲜明,其中盛衰荣辱、人世沧桑之感颇为明白而深沉。
最后二句化《楚辞·招魂》中“魂兮归来哀江南”的语意和望帝死后化为杜鹃的典故,表示诗人虽被迫离开故乡,决无生还之望,但一片忠魂终归南土。诗人这种心志,可谓哀苦之至。同他流传千古的名句“人生自古谁无死,留取丹心照汗青”一致,表现了视死如归的英雄气概和坚定不渝的民族气节,感染与激励后人。他以鲜血和生命写出此诗,其意则悲,其志则壮,其耿耿爱国之心,拳拳报国情,催人泪下
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