推荐回答(1个)
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(1)不安全感。父母离婚前后,孩子常常没有安全感。当父母各自陷入复杂的感情和法律纠纷中时,往往把主要精力用于考虑自己的事情,对孩子的注意、关心减少,这时的孩子往往感到迷悯。他们会觉得被父母遗忘或不受重视。孩子常常会问自己,“谁会要我�0�3”,“当我需要帮助时,我该去找谁�0�3”。这种不安全感,会使孩子处于感情脆弱、经不起打击的状态,做事畏首畏尾。
(2)内疚感:孩子常常把自己的某些过错,看成是引起父母关系变化的原因。这种曲解,易使孩子陷入烦恼并常常自责。我们经常可以看到夫妻吵架时,孩子在一旁哭喊:“爸爸、妈妈我听话,我再也不捣乱了,你们别吵了……”过去十分活跃、机灵而聪明的孩子,因为父母关系的改变,而变得退缩、消极,对周围环境不感兴趣,常常沉浸在内疚之中,这种自责心理,将导致孩子出现逃避现实的心理状态。
(3)自卑、猜疑心理:孩子因缺父或缺母,自感不如别人。因遭到旁人的嘲笑、冷落而形成自卑心理。他们常常表现为情绪忧伤,孤僻,畏缩,做事缺乏自信心。年龄大的儿童,还会产生猜疑心理,怀疑别人看不起他,欺负他,对别人的言行易产生误会,导致人际关系障碍。
(4)补偿心理:失去父爱或母爱的孩子,常常感到空虚,祈盼在感情上得到补偿,个别儿童进入青春期以后,往往会在“感情补偿心理”的驱使下,盲目地向异性求爱,犯性错误。
(5)逆反心理:由于温暖家庭的解体,孩子一时无法接受,心理失去平衡,易形成逆反心理,对周围的人产生对抗行为,表现为毫无理由地拒绝他人的要求,谁的话也听不进去。他们会无故指责父母,顶撞老师,对人持冷酷的态度。
因为缺父缺母形成逆反心理的儿童都属年龄比较大的儿童。这些儿童的逆反心理多半是由于受到旁人冷落、嘲笑而逐渐形成,其中,原来家庭比较美满、生活条件优越、突然家遭不幸的儿童,最易形成逆反心理,产生对抗行为。有1个12岁的女孩,母亲因生活作风问题,父亲与之离婚,她随父亲与奶奶一起生活。父母离婚后,父亲、奶奶、亲戚甚至小同伴都经常当着她的面指责、辱骂其母亲,使她觉得母亲既可亲、又可恨,又觉得指责并数落母亲的人都可恨,于是产生了种种矛盾与复杂的心理状态,表现出强烈的逆反心理和对抗行为。她很希望见到妈妈,但妈妈来看她时,她却故意躲起来。妈妈说的话,她不听,妈妈给她买的衣服,她不穿。
总之,为了孩子健康的成长,应努力营造一个温馨、祥和、文明的家庭气氛。
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