邹忌的进谏引发怎样的思考

2025-04-05 14:00:36
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

纳谏与止谤
——重读《邹忌讽齐王讷谏》有感
臧克家
读好文章,如饮醇酒,其味无穷,久而弥笃。《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》,读初小时就成诵了,觉得它故事性强,有趣味,引人入胜。六十年后,再读一遍,如故人重逢,格外亲切。
古人说:“人非圣贤,孰能无过?”即使君子,也难免有过,不同的是“过也,人皆见之,及其更也,人皆仰之”而已。古代帝王置谏官,自己有了错误,臣下可以进谏。帝王,自以为是“天之子”,富有四海,臣服万民,行为万世师,言作万世法,坐在高高的宝座上,俯视一切。能倾听逆耳之言,采纳美芹之献的,历史上并不多见。但是也不能一概而论。也有少数聪明一点的,为了坐稳江山,笼络人心,也能从谏如流。有圣君,有贤臣,使政治稳定,国泰民安,历史上称为太平盛世。像唐太宗与魏征,就是一例。而最突出、最典型的,要数邹忌与齐威王了。
讽谏帝王,是冒险的事。批“龙鳞”,逆“圣听”,需要大勇与大智。多少忠臣义士,赤心耿耿,尽忠进谏,结果呢,有的被挖心,有的被放逐。比干、屈原悲惨的故事,千古流传。
因此,对这位勇于纳谏的齐王,既佩服他的大智,也赞赏他的风度。这篇《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》的文章,给我们树立了一个宽大明智、精神高尚的形象,事隔几千年,栩栩如在眼前。想当年,他听了邹忌的讽谏之后,立即下令群臣,遍及全国,面刺错误,指陈弊病,不仅言者无罪,反而重赏,这是何等气度,何等磊落胸怀,千载之下,犹令人感奋不已!
事因难能,所以可贵。在同一本《古文释义》里,小时候也读过《召公谏厉王止谤》这篇古文,至今还能背出其中的名句。拿这位厉王和齐威王一比,真可谓天渊之别了。齐威王下令求谏,周厉王却以“能止谤”自喜,天下之人,满腹不平,他要钳住万民之口,自己也捂紧耳朵。“防民之口,甚于防川”,“止谤”使得老百姓“道路以目”。三年之后,土壅而川决,这个特大暴君———人民之敌,被“流于彘”。
齐王与厉王,两种对待谏谤的态度,得到的结果也截然相反。历史是一面镜子。《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》《召公谏厉王止谤》这两篇古文,我们对照着读,大有可以借鉴之处。
追古思今,现在我们有些作负责工作的领导同志,在言行方面有明显的缺点和错误,文过饰非,怕听逆耳之言,一听到正中要害的话,立即火冒三尺,像阿Q听到别人说他头上的疮疤一样。有的甚至对批评自己的同志,打击报复,仗势凌人,以冰棍对付热情,什么批评与自我批评的原则,全成为过耳东风。这样做的结果如何呢?贻误工作,伤害同志,最后,自己也难免于垮台。
说到这里,我们自然会想到“四人帮”的所作所为。他们当道之时,得意忘形,凌驾一切。江青一句屁话,成为“圣旨”,顺我者昌,逆我者亡。以棒止谤,冤狱累累。人力无穷,天网恢恢,他们的滔天大罪,终于被清算。
谏难,纳谏尤难。要得到成果,需要双方合力。有敢直谏或讽谏的良臣,还要有能纳谏的明君。邹忌的譬喻再妙,辞令再巧,没有齐威王善听的耳朵,也是白费唇舌,枉运心机。
《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》这篇文章之所以动人,不仅由于它的意义,也还因为它那委婉而讽的进谏方法。这样关系国家命运的大事,邹忌并没有板起面孔,摆出义正辞严的态度,反之,却以与徐公比美、妻妾评议之闺房琐事出之,如果遇到一个暴君,责以亵渎之罪,也是责无旁贷的。这种构思,这样笔法,与《触龙说赵太后》如出一辙,而同样奏效。这么写,生动亲切,娓娓动听,饶有情趣。这篇文章,用了大半篇幅作了譬喻的描绘,三个人物的情态和心理,真实透彻,入情入理,令人信服。譬喻止于“皆以美于徐公”,接下去,“今齐地方千里”来个陡转,入了正题,由于妻妾、朋友的“私臣”,联系全国上下“莫不私王”,譬喻与正题扣得极紧。谏议的结果是“战胜于朝廷”。
读罢这篇绝妙佳作,掩卷沉思,忽发奇想。如果现在我们的某个部门或机关,也来个“悬赏纳谏”,那该是“门庭若市”,批评、建议雪片飞来。最后的结果呢,也可以想知。准是改进了工作,提高了效率,像不干净的身子洗了清水澡,受到广大群众的鼓励与表扬,对四化的进展也起到了推动作用。
如若不信,盍试为之。

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