笛的乐器种类

2025-03-31 06:50:19
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

竹笛流传地域广大,品种繁多。使用最普遍的有曲笛、梆笛和定调笛。还有玉屏笛、七孔笛、短笛和顺笛等等。
曲笛:因伴奏昆曲而得名,又叫班笛、市笛或扎线(即缠丝)笛,因盛产于苏州,故又有苏笛之称。这种笛子多为C调或D调,管身粗而长,可能是大横吹的遗制。音色浑厚而柔和,清新而圆润。广泛流行在我国南方各地,最适于独奏或合奏,是江南丝竹、苏南吹打、潮州笛套锣鼓等地方音乐和昆曲等戏曲音乐中富有特色的重要乐器之一。
梆笛:因伴奏梆子戏曲而得名。这种笛子通常称为:F调梆笛、G调梆笛、A调梆笛。管身较曲笛细而短,可能是小横吹的遗制。音色高亢、明亮,是吹高音用的一种笛子,主要流行在北方,多用于北方的吹歌会、评剧和梆子戏曲(秦腔、河北梆子、蒲剧等)的伴奏,也可用来独奏,富有浓郁的乡土气息和地方色彩。
定调笛:每支笛子固定一个调,每套有6支、7支或12支。它适应不同调子乐曲的演奏,最适宜独奏或参加乐队演奏。它给吹奏者带来方便,可以不变指法,只用与乐曲相应的调笛吹奏即可。定调笛在笛身的吹孔与音孔之间,装置铜制插口以调节吹孔与音孔的距离。这种经过改进的定调笛,能在不同的气候条件下,可通过调节管长来控制音准。定调笛将对我国的竹笛名称统一起积极作用,因为它不再有曲笛、梆笛之分,而是以第三孔的音高定名,这既符合民间传统演奏习惯,又解决了笛子在调高问题上的混乱,并为记谱和演奏带来很大方便,它完全适用于传统的六孔笛和各种改革笛。
玉屏笛:产于贵州玉屏侗族自治县。用当地的小水竹制成。笛身呈椭圆形,外表刻有山水、花草、鸟兽、虫鱼或诗文等图饰,工艺精细。成对的雌雄笛更为著名,雄的笛管稍粗,上面刻有腾龙;雌的笛管略细,发音明亮,上刻彩风。这种龙凤对笛,在工艺上颇具特色。除了玉屏笛外,玉屏箫同样是出名的。“玉屏箫笛”常称为“平箫玉笛”,遍布全国,曾远销美国、荷兰、德国、日本、韩国、新加坡、香港等多个国家和地区。但由于产品制艺大师人数有限,使得产品并未得到大规模的生产,无疑给箫笛爱好者一个沉重的打击。
随着国内电子商务的发展,玉屏箫笛并顺利成为聚购科技的战略合作伙伴。使得玉屏箫笛在亚马逊、聚购商城、京东商城等国内知名平台销售,解决了以往购买箫笛的尴尬局面。
短笛:又叫学生笛,笛身短小,一般无基音孔。分有膜孔和无膜孔两种,练习或合奏用的。
低音笛:如今随着乐器的改进,加之音乐多样的发展。笛子种类也就越来越丰富。例如:低音长管、弯管低音笛等等。第三孔的音高低于b1的称为低音笛,如:大A调、大G调、大F调、大调、大C调等。一、梆笛和曲笛
梆笛用于北方梆子戏的伴奏,笛身细且短小,音色高亢明亮有力,着重于舌上技巧的运用,如著名笛子演奏家冯子存先生演奏的北方民间乐曲《五梆子》、《喜相逢》,在演奏上表现了浓厚的地方色彩,在气息运用上较猛,并采用了急促跳跃的舌打音,强有力的垛音,富有情趣的花舌音等等特殊技巧。梆笛善于表现刚健豪放、活泼轻快的情致,具有强烈的北方色彩,这和北方人民所处的地区特点和生活、劳动习惯是分不开的。多用于北方的吹歌会、评剧和梆子戏曲(如秦腔、河北梆子、蒲剧等)的伴奏,也可用来独奏。
曲笛用于南方昆曲等戏曲的伴奏,又叫“班笛”、“市笛”或“扎线(即缠丝)笛”,因盛产于苏州,故又有“苏笛”之称。多为C调或D调。管身粗而长,音色淳厚、圆润、讲究运气的绵长,力度变化细致,常采用先放后收,一音三韵,悠扬委婉,演奏的曲调比较优美、精致、华丽,具有浓厚的江南韵味。
曲笛与北方风格的梆笛笛子独奏曲那种粗犷、有力,形成鲜明的对照。如著名笛子演奏家陆春龄教授,他所演奏的《鹧鸪飞》、《小放牛》等民间乐曲,音色润丽、清晰,音色控制、强弱对比自如,并多应用笛子上的“唤音”、“送音”、“打音”、“倚音”、“颤音”等技术,在气息运用上要求饱满均匀,尽量少用吐音断奏。
曲笛在我国南方广泛流行,适宜独奏、合奏,是昆曲等戏曲音乐、江南丝竹,苏南吹打、潮州笛套锣鼓等地方音乐中富有特色的乐器之一。
新创作的笛子独奏曲,大部份都吸取了“曲笛”和“梆笛”的演奏特点。

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