影响液体动压轴承承载能力和动压油膜的形成因素

用于试验告的填写
2025-04-05 14:27:42
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

液体动压轴承
靠液体润滑剂动压力形成液膜隔开两摩擦表面并承受载荷滑动轴承。液体润滑剂是被两摩擦面相对运动带入两摩擦面之间。产生液体动压力条件是:两摩擦面有足够相对运动速度;润滑剂有适当黏度;两表面间间隙是收敛(这一间隙实际很小,图1 油楔承载 中是夸大画,相对运动中润滑剂从间隙大口流向小口,构成油楔。这种支承载荷现象通常称为油楔承载
机械加工后两摩擦表面微观是凹凸不平,如图1 油楔承载 中局部放大图。正常运输液体动压轴承中,油膜最薄(即通称最小油膜厚度)处两表面微观凸峰不接触,两表面没有磨损。这时摩擦完全属於油内摩擦,摩擦系数可小至0.001。油黏度越低,摩擦系数越小,但最小油膜厚度也越薄。,油最低黏度受到最小油膜厚度限制。当最小油膜厚度处两表面微观凸峰接触时,油膜破裂,摩擦和磨损都增大。摩擦功使油发热而降低油黏度。为使油黏度比较稳定,一般采用有冷却装置循环供油系统或油中加入能降低油对温度敏感添加剂(见润滑剂)。液体动压轴承启动和停车过程中,因速度低不能形成足够隔开两摩擦表面油膜,容易出现磨损,制造轴瓦或轴承衬须选用能直接接触条件下工作滑动轴承材料。液体动压轴承要求轴颈和轴瓦表面几何形状正确光滑,安装时精确对中。
液体动压轴承分液体动压径向轴承和液体动压推力轴承。液体动压径向轴承又分单油楔和多油楔两类(见表 液体动压径向轴承类型 )。
单油楔液体动压径向轴承 轴颈周围一个承载油楔轴承。图2 单油楔轴承几何参数 中是剖分式单油楔轴承。O 为轴承几何中心,O 为承受载荷F 后轴颈中心。这两中心连线称为连心线。连心线与载荷作用线所夹锐角称为偏位角。受载瓦面包围轴颈角度称为轴承包角。O 与O 之间距离称为偏心距。轴承孔半径R 与轴颈半径之差称为半径间隙。与之比称为相对间隙。与之比称为偏心率。最小油膜厚度=-=(1-),所方位由确定。轴承宽度B (轴向尺寸)与轴承直径之比称为宽径比。
油楔只能轴承包角内生成。当=0时,O 与O 重合,轴承则不能(靠油楔)承载。载荷越大偏心率也越大。当=1时,最小油膜厚度为零,轴颈与轴承即直接接触,这时会出现严重摩擦和磨损。液体动压润滑数学分析中,将油黏度 、载荷(单位面积上压力)、轴转速和轴承相对间隙合并而成无量纲数/2称为轴承特性数。对给定包角和宽径比轴承,轴承特性数偏心率函数。对已知工作状况轴承,可由此函数关系求其偏心率和最小油膜厚度,进而核验该轴承能否实现液体动压润滑;也可按给定偏心率或最小油膜厚度确定轴承所能承受载荷。轴承特性数反映液体动压润滑下载荷、速度、黏度和相对间隙之间相互关系:对载荷大、速度低轴承应选用黏度大润滑油和较小相对间隙;对载荷小、速度高轴承,则应选用黏度小润滑油和较大相对间隙。
相对间隙对轴承性能影响很大,除影响轴承承载能力或最小油膜厚度外,还影响轴承功耗、温升和油流量 (图3 单油楔轴承各参数与相对间隙关系 )。对不同尺寸和工作状况轴承,都有最优相对间隙范围,通常为0.002~0.0002毫米。
轴承宽径比是影响轴承性能又一重要参数。宽径比越小,油从轴承两端流失越多,油膜中压力下降越严重,这会显著降低轴承承载能力。宽径比大时,要求轴刚度大,与轴承对中精度高。通常取宽径比为0.4~1。
单油楔轴承高速轻载时偏心率小,容易出现失稳,产生油(气)膜振荡。油膜振荡能引起设备损坏等重大事故。,单油楔轴承多用於中等以上速度或高速重载机械设备,如轧机和一般机床。
多油楔液体动压径向轴承 轴颈周围有两个或两个以上油楔轴承。多油楔径向轴承承受载荷前,即轴颈中心与轴承几何中心重合时,相对各段瓦面曲率中心都存偏心,偏心值相等,各瓦面油膜中生成压力相同,轴颈受力平衡。承受载荷后,这些偏心值有增大,有减小,各瓦面上油膜压力随之减小或增大,轴承承载能力便是这些油膜压力向量和。多油楔轴承比单油楔轴承承载能力低,但主承载瓦面对面附加有油膜压力,能提高轴承运转稳定性。,多油楔径向轴承多用於高速轻载设备,如汽轮机、风力机和精密磨床等。多油楔径向轴承型式很多,还不断出现消振能力较高新结构。
液体动压推力轴承是由若干个油楔组成推力轴承,其承载能力为各油楔油膜压力之和,常用於水轮机、汽轮机、压气机等中等以上速度设备(见推力滑动轴承)。

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