推荐回答(1个)
在庞大的昆虫类群里,昆虫是怎样发声的呢?它的声音是否也能传递信息呢?科学研究证实,发声是昆虫“信息联系”的有效方式之一,它具有同伴之间求偶、召唤、报警,以及向敌害发出恫吓、攻击等作用。不仅成虫能发声,有的幼虫也能发出声音。
昆虫的发声方式
1,磨擦发声
磨擦发声的方式非常普遍,但具体的发音器构造却是多种多样的。蟋蟀的发音器由音锉(cuò)和磨擦片组成。振翅时,左翅叠在右翅上,音锉和磨擦片相互磨擦而发出声音。蝗虫的发音器分别称为音锉和刮器,两者磨擦时,还引起前翅的振动发出嚓嚓的声音。
2, 由口发声
如天蛾靠内唇发声,当咽及肌肉收缩形成气流在口内出入时,遇内唇受阻造成放置的气流,发出犹如人“吹哨”的声音。
3,振翅发声
昆虫飞翔时翅的拍打,胸部骨片的振动以及左右翅互相拍击而造成的声音。不同种类的昆虫飞行时的翅振频率不一,有的昆虫每秒高达到2000次,而蝶类一般为7.5~13次,我们人耳听到的声音振频范围为每秒16~20000次,所以我们可听到蚊子的翅振声,而听不到蝶类翩翩起舞时发出的声音。在大多数情况下,昆虫展翅振动声没有特殊的意义,但雌蚊的翅振声可引起雄蚊的交配反应。
4,膜振发声
发音器构造分为大小两室。大室内有褶(zhě)膜与镜膜,小室位于体的内侧,内有鼓膜,当昆虫体内壁肌肉收缩,便振动鼓膜发声,加之镜膜的协助和共鸣室的反响,声音就分外响亮了。如蝉。
5,碰击发声
如灰蝶中有些种类的蛹,以它的前端敲打树叶、小枝条发声。叩头虫,我们把它按在桌上,它的头和前胸就会连续地在桌上叩头作响。
为什么昆虫在飞的时候常会发出嗡嗡声呢?它们大多数是没有发出这个声音的特殊器官的;这种嗡嗡声只有在昆虫飞行的时候才听得到,原因是是昆虫飞行时,每秒都要振动它的小翅膀几百次。振动着的翅膀事实上就是振动着的膜片,而我们知道,所有振动得足够频繁的膜片(每秒钟振动超过16次的),都会产生出一定高低的音调来。
现在你可以搞明白,人们是用什么方法知道各种昆虫飞行时候翅膀振动的次数的。这件事情很简单,只要从听觉上判定昆虫发也嗡嗡声的音调高低就行了,因为每一种声调都是跟一定的振动频率相当的。各种昆虫的翅膀振动次数是几乎不变的,昆虫要调节它们的飞行,只在受到天冷的影响时才增加每秒翅膀的振动次数。正是因为这个缘故,昆虫在飞行时,发出的音调总是不变的。
人们已经测到了各种昆虫翅膀的振动次数,譬如说,苍蝇(飞的时候发出F调)每秒振动翅膀352次,山蜂每秒振动去翅膀220次,蜜蜂在空着身子飞的时候发出A调音,每秒振动440次,如果带着蜜飞行,只振动330次(B调),甲虫飞行时发出的单调比较低,两翅振动得比较慢,相反的,蚊子每秒要振动翅膀500~600次。为了使大家对于上面这一些数目有进一步的了解,让我来告诉你一个数目:飞机的螺旋桨,平均每秒钟只转25转。
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