推荐回答（3个）
首先 任何胶卷的核心原理都是, 卤化银感光乳剂 见光后发反应, 小颗粒的卤化银发生一定的反应,并聚合成大颗粒,接收到的光越强,聚合程度/颗粒也就越大
如果是黑白胶卷 经过显影, 让底片上的卤化银析出银单质, 那么大颗粒部分由于金属银比较多 比较密 就不透光了 ,然后定影,洗去没有反应的卤化银, 这样 就做成了一张黑白负片
彩色负片, 有至少3层, 分别涂布着 对不同颜色光线敏感的卤化银 (富士很多胶片都是4层,不仅对红绿蓝感光 还有青色的感色层)
红光到达底片 ,仅会使对红色敏感的卤化银乳剂层发生反应, 其余两色敏感的乳剂层没变化, 这样就可以分别接受三色光,而不是靠什么滤光片,
【红色敏感乳剂层,仅对红色光敏感,其余颜色不会让其有任何变化】
然后 怎么让其有颜色？
是一种叫作呈色剂的物质，这个就非常复杂了， 总之就是， 胶卷感应了红光， 对红色敏感的卤化银发生了反应， 在冲洗时，专用的红色呈色剂和该卤化银层发生反应， 形成红色的图像， 然后彻底洗去红色敏感的卤化银，只保留呈色剂在底片上 其他颜色也一样 ， 这样就形成了彩色负片——彩色负片和黑白负片的不同处在于 彩色负片是没有金属银的，是一张染料片 ，而黑白负片的影调则完全由金属银形成；
这个是很久很久之前学过的，有点记不清了只能跟你说个大概。
胶片上面有多层（这里有点记不清了不记得是3层还是7层）感光材料分别感应不同颜色的光，材料被光照射后刚具光线的大小和曝光的时间发生化学反映（什么反映也忘了）因为一般的胶片是要哈去冲照片的所以胶片是色彩反向的，在冲出来就是正的。也有不用冲照片直接那幻灯片看的叫反转片，成像原理和负片有点不一样。
你想了解具体一点建议你看看纽约摄影学院教材上下册里面有详细的底片原理几暗房技术介绍。
彩色胶卷分为彩色负片和彩色反转片。
彩色负片上的三层感光乳剂分别感受景物的红、绿、蓝三原色，在负片上形成青、品红、黄三补色。三种乳剂感色性的选择，是为了在彩色照片上得到最好的色彩。彩色负片冲洗采用C-41工艺。
彩色反转片分为专业与业余之分，业余反转片反差系数在1.7左右，专业反转片反差系数在1.2左右，其宽容度比负片窄。彩色反转片使用E-6工艺冲洗。
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