推荐回答(1个)
环境噪声监测仪器的选用
为防治噪声污染 ,保障城乡居民生活工作和学习的声环境质量,国家环境保护部发布了
GB3096-2008《声环境质量标准》.
GB12348-2008《工业企业厂界环境噪声排放标准》
以及GB22337-2008《社会生活环境噪声排放标准》,并于2008年10月1日开始实施。
在以上三个环境噪声测量标准中,都提到环境噪声监测仪器为积分平均声级计或环境噪声自动监测仪, 其性能应不低于GB3785和GB/T17181对2型仪器的要求。在老的声级计标准中,将声级计按准确度等级分为0型、1型、2型和3型。新的声级计标准将声级计按准确度等级分为1级和2级,它们与老的1型和2型相当,不再有0型和3型。
在GB12348-2008和GB22337-2008标准中, 还规定测量35dB以下的噪声应使用HNT16040型声级计, 且测量范围应满足所测量噪声的需要, 这是因为1级仪器的性能则要比2级仪器好得多。例如准确度2级仪器和1级仪器综合起来两者的误差差异可能在1.0dB以上。在新的声级计标准中,要求1级声级计的工作温度范围为-10℃~+50℃,在此温度范围内相对于参考温度灵敏度变化不大于±0.5dB;而2级声级计的工作温度范围为0℃~+40℃,在此温度范围内相对于参考温度灵敏度变化不大于±1.0dB。由于环境噪声监测仪器大多在现场使用,环境条件变化较大,显然1级仪器更能满足环境噪声测量的要求。
在GB22337-2008和GB12348-2008标准中, 首次提出结构传播固定设备室内噪声排放限值, 规定当排放的噪声通过建筑物结构传播至噪声敏感建筑物室内时, 噪声敏感建筑物室内等效声级既不得超过规定的A声级限值, 也不得超过规定的室内噪声倍频带声压级限值,( 倍频带中心频率为31.5Hz,63Hz,125Hz250Hz,500Hz, 其覆盖频率为22Hz-707Hz) 这是考虑到不管是工业企业固定设备排放的噪声, 还是社会生活噪声排放源排放的噪声, 它们通过建筑物结构传播至噪声敏感建筑物室内(指医院, 学校机关, 科研单位, 住宅等需要保持安静的建筑物) 时, 噪声的主要成份呈低频特性, 这时测量A声级可能不会超过规定限值, 但是对于人的干扰却不能忽视, 因此只用A声级限值还不能保证噪声敏感建筑物室内声环境质量,新标准增加了低频段的倍频带声压级限值要求, 而且这些限值一个都不得超过, 这样就要求在测量A声级的同时, 进行噪声的倍频带频谱分析。
测量噪声监测仪器性能和品种的差异很大,用于环境噪声监测的仪器至少应具有时间平均的积分功能,也就是至少能测量等效连续声级Leq值,这对于环境监理部门已经足够。但对于需要进行交通噪声测量或噪声普查的环境监测站,则还应有统计声级LN(N=5,10,50,90,95)测量和24小时监测功能。为了减少手工记录和便于数据进一步处理,往往还需要配备微型打印机和将数据传送至计算机以及数据存储等功能,考虑到社会生活噪声中低频成分较多,仅仅用A声级难以评价其对人的影响,因此在测量A声级的同时,也要对噪声进行倍频程谱分析,然后用NR曲线来衡量每个倍频带声压级是否在允许范围内。这就需要使用带倍频程或1/3倍频程滤波器的噪声频谱分析测量仪器。
测量噪声监测仪的分贝范围在30-130dB,并且能24小时实时监测。常用的频率计权网络为A/C计权网络。

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