变频器 多功能模拟量输出的字母AM FM 都是什么意思啊
推荐回答(3个)
长期以来模友们提及比例式无线电遥控设备的抗干扰性能时都普遍认为调频(FM)制式的设备要好于调幅(AM)调制的设备,而且设备制造商在设备生产设计运作机制上也把AM制式的设备定位在27MHz两通道的初级车、船用初级低端的产品上。这在无意的中更加强了大家心中的印象。其实这一概念是错误的!或者说至少是早以过时的老观念。首先我们先谈谈这一观点形成的由来。早在五、六十年代的第一代指令式遥控设备正式应用后,不少运动员发现AM的设备在抗临频干扰的性能上比FM的设备要差的许多,于是AM设备抗干扰差的说法在业界内广为流行。并在一代代模型运动员和教练的言传身教中把这一观念根深蒂固不加鉴别的继承到了集成电路及单片机的比例遥控时代。而大家如果注意就会发现一些遥控设备维修、设计人员却不一定认可这一观点。其实这不难理解:在5、6十年代时的AM指令式遥控设备发射是通道的音频信号对载频的调幅、接收的是载频携带各通道的音频信号来表达各个通道的开关状态,而各通道的音频信号很容易受到因载频被邻频扰动造成的串扰,从而照成失控。加之当时的设备应用的是繁杂的电子管或晶体管分立元件,出于达到简化电路的增加遥控距离的目的,用的多为简单的超再生接收电路且通频带作的太宽。说白了就是和现在的儿童遥控玩具相差无几。所以经常失控就不希奇了。再说说现在的数字比例式无线电遥控设备。现在的AM设备在编码电路上采用的是与FM设备同样的时分制脉冲宽度或脉冲位置编码方式,两者的区别只在于对载频的调制方法。AM设备采用的是频率幅度键控方式:即用一开关管通过对高频发射电路的开关即有无高频发射信号来表达编码信号的高低电平。在接收电路因为发射机发出的只是单一频率的高频信号,所以可以将接收机的接收频率范围作的很窄,使得其他相邻的频率很难通过,这即日本人的窄频带接收技术。而FM设备是利用编码脉冲的高低电平对高频电路实行频差调制:即用两种频率来表达电码的1、0电位。这两种频率的频率之差即频差。在接收电路上用鉴频电路来鉴别两种频率。鉴频电路其实就是一个频率滤波器,越接近它自身谐振频率的信号在通过它时感应出的电压就越高,因为发射机发出的是带有频差的两种频率信号,所以在鉴频器上感应出的就是高低两种电压,这就完成了编码流的还原。不难看出在这个过程中只要有一种与发射机发出的两种频率中的一种相邻的高频信号混入,就会导致电码流还原的混乱。即失控。所以FM设备的差频作的越宽,鉴频器越容易鉴别编码的高低电平:即遥控距离越远,但抗临频干扰越差。反之相反。因此现代的FM设备的通频带设计都要兼顾遥控距离和抗干扰性来设计。这也是国产和进口设备性能差别所在的一个方面。正是以上方面原因,AM设备由于发射机发出的是单一频率的高频信号,在干扰源上就比FM少了一些,加之又采用了窄带接收技术,所以抗干扰性是决不比普通的FM设备差的。相反AM的频率键控调制方式发射单一频率信号比FM设备发带有频差的两种信号的高频调制方式更减少了被干扰的机会。且由于AM设备的调制管是处在间断控制高频发射电路的工作的状态,所以AM设备的发射机比FM的更省电。设想假如AM和FM的设备都遇到了持续的同频 k干扰电波,那AM设备和FM设备都会因为译码电路输出的完全是1或完全是0的误码流而失控。而这是PCM/FM设备也不能幸免的。所以在国外的一些4-6通道的遥控设备上AM制式的设备并不少见。比如大家常见的FUTABA 的ATTACK-4AM等。更因为AM的频率键控的高频信号有无两态的调制方式可以看作是FM设备两种频率进入鉴频器后的一种特殊状态,所以频率完全相同的两套AM、FM设备中AM的发射机是可以控制FM的接收机的。
AM: Ampere meter(输出电流指示)
FM: Frequency meter(输出频率指示)
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